The strength characteristics of the rock in the air-dry and water-saturated state must be taken into account when performing geotechnical calculations for the first limit state when designing various hydraulic structures, as well as for any other structures that interact with water and have an increased class of responsibility. In this regard, experimental studies were carried out on samples of gneiss, limestone and pebbles in order to determine their strength characteristics in two different states: in air-dry and water-saturated. Based on the results of the experimental studies carried out, rock strength passports were constructed based on the determination of the strength limits under uniaxial compression and tension in air-dry and water-saturated states, and the strength characteristics and the softening coefficient of the rock were determined. It is found that water saturation of rock samples leads to a decrease in their strength characteristics, and the softening coefficient of gneiss decreases with increasing depth of occurrence. Taking into account the influence of various factors and conditions on the obtained test results, further laboratory studies are necessary in order to develop methods for assessing changes in strength characteristics at different water saturation of the rock and the depth of its occurrence.

L.Yu. ERMOSHINA, Master, Postgraduate Student, Junior Researcher at the SEC “Geotechnics” named after Z.G. Ter-Martirosyan (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.E. SHIPKOVA, Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.Z. TER-MARTIROSYAN, Professor, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
G.O. ANZHELO, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)(This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Wong L., Maruvanchery V., Liu G. Water effects on rock strength and stiffness degradation. Acta Geotechnica. 2016. No. 11 (4). DOI: 10.1007/s11440-015-0407-7
2. Liu S., Cai G., Jiang P., Zhou A., Wang L., Sun K. A Stochastic Approach to Soil-Rock Slope Stability Analysis Considering Soil Softening of Contact Zone. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. 2021. Vol. 58. No. 5, pp. 383–390. DOI:10.1007/s11204-021-09755-7
3. Muhammad U. A., Hui Z., Fanjie Y., Adnan Y., Xinjing L., Houguo F., Yijun G. Water-induced softening behavior of clay-rich sandstone in Lanzhou Water Supply Project, China. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 2020. Vol. 12. No. 3, pp. 557–570. DOI: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.07.017
4. Cai X., Zhou Z., Liu, K., Du X., Zang H. Water-Weakening Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Different Rock Types. Phenomena and Mechanisms. 2019. Vol. 9. No. 20, pp. 4450. DOI: 10.3390/app9204450
5. Vásárhelyi B., Ván P. Influence of water content on the strength of rock. Engineering Geology. 2006. Vol. 84. Iss. 1–2, pp. 70–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.11.011
6. Zhou Z., Cai X., Cao W., Li X., Xiong C. Influence of Water Content on Mechanical Properties of Rock in Both Saturation and Drying Processes. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2016. No. 49, pp. 3009–3025. DOI: 10.1007/s00603-016-0987-z
7. Zhou Z., Cai X., Ma D., Du X., Chen L., Wang H., Zang H. Water saturation effects on dynamic fracture behavior of sandstone. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences. 2019. Vol. 114, pp. 46–61. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.12.014
8. Li H., Shen R., Li D., Jia H., Li T., Chen T., Hou Z. Acoustic Emission Multi-Parameter Analysis of Dry and Saturated Sandstone with Cracks under Uniaxial Compression. Energies. 2019. No. 12, pp. 1959. DOI: 0.3390/en12101959
9. Ma D., Wang J., Cai X., Ma X., Zhang J., Zhou Z., Tao M. Effects of height/diameter ratio on failure and damage properties of granite under coupled bending and splitting deformation. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2019. Vol. 220. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106640
10. Masoumi H., Horne J., Timms W. Establishing Empirical Relationships for the Effects of Water Content on the Mechanical Behavior of Gosford Sandstone. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2017. Iss. 50, pp. 2235–2242. DOI: 10.1007/s00603-017-1243-x
11. Vásárhelyi B. Statistical analysis of the influence of water content on the strength of the miocene limestone. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 2005. Iss. 38, pp. 69–76. DOI:10.1007/s00603-004-0034-3
12. Hawkins A.B., McConnell B.J. Sensitivity of sandstone strength and deformability to changes in moisture content. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology. 1992. Vol. 25, pp. 115–130. DOI: 10.1144/gsl.qjeg.1992.025.02.05
13. Rahman T., Sarkar K. Estimating strength parameters of Lower Gondwana coal measure rocks under dry and saturated conditions. Journal of Earth System Science. 2022. Iss. 131. DOI: 10.1007/s12040-022-01920-2
14. Dong W., Han L., Meng L., Zhu H., Yan S., Xu C., Dong Y. Experimental Study on the Mechanical and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Tuff with Different Moisture Contents. Minerals. 2022. No. 12. DOI: 10.3390/min12081050
15. Тер-Мартиросян А.З., Анжело Г.О., Гладких В.А., Ермошина Л.Ю., Шипкова А.Е. Определение механических параметров скального грунта различными методами // Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2022. № 9. С. 66–73. DOI 10.33622/0869-7019.2022.09.66-73
15. Ter-Martirosjan A.Z., Anzhelo G.O., Gladkih V.A., Ermoshina L.Ju., Shipkova A.E. Determination of mechanical parameters of rock soil by various methods. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2022. No. 9, pp. 66–73. (In Russian). DOI 10.33622/0869-7019.2022.09.66-73

The catastrophic destruction of residential buildings made of reinforced concrete of mass construction in recent decades during the earthquake on February 6, 2023 on the territory of the Republic of Turkey revealed the low ability of their resistance to seismic impacts of great strength not provided for by the project. In this case, in order to save people’s lives and evacuate them, it is necessary to ensure a delay in time in the process of destruction of reinforced concrete structures, by using reliable, not losing resistance at the extreme stage of deformation, as well as adhesion at the anchoring and overlapping points of rods, concrete and reinforcement. This should be facilitated by the methods of non-linear calculation used in the design and design techniques for the most critical load-bearing elements and their cross-sections, as well as reinforcement that provides plastic deformation of structures in order to redistribute the forces necessary for the dissipation of seismic impact energy. To improve the safety of earthquake-resistant construction, it is proposed to assess the ability to plastic deformation of design solutions for reinforcing reinforced concrete elements according to the requirements of clause 6.7.2 of SP 14.13330.2018, as well as according to the methodology given in the publication, repeatedly used in the design practice of the NIIZHB name after A.A. Gvozdev JSC “SIC “Construction”. In terms of the effectiveness of adhesion to concrete, especially in the extreme stage of plastic deformation (after reaching the stresses in the metal σ_т(02)), new domestic types of reinforcing bars with multi-row profiles of classes A500SP, Au500SP and screw Av500P, recommended for the use of SP 14.13330.2018 (change № 2), significantly exceed foreign analogues. Their mass production and use will increase the safety of construction and the competitiveness of domestic fittings on the world market. It is advisable to develop a “Code of Safe Design and Construction of Buildings in Seismic Areas” for widespread use, in which to identify reliable, simple and inexpensive requirements that are mandatory for monitoring construction in areas with high seismic activity.

I.N. TIKHONOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Head of the Center № 21(This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Research Institute of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete (NIIZHB) named after A.A. Gvozdev

1. Tikhonov I.N., Krylov S.B., Zvezdov A.I., Smirnova L.N., Tikhonov G.I., Goncharov E.E. Assessment of earthquake resistance of reinforced concrete buildings at the design stage. Seismostoikoe stroitel’stvo. Bezopasnost’ sooruzhenii. 2022. No. 5, pp. 43–55. (In Russian).
2. Kodysh E.N., Nikitin I.K., Trekin N.N. Proektirovanie armirovaniya zhelezobetona [Calculation of reinforced concrete structures made of heavy concrete for strength, crack resistance and deformability]. Moscow: ASV, 2011. 352 p.
3. Rastorguev B.S., Mutoka K.N. Deformation of floor structures of frame buildings after sudden destruction of the column. Seismostoikoe stroitel’stvo. Bezopasnost’ sooruzhenii. 2006. No. 1, pp. 12–15. (In Russian).
4. Tikhonov I.N., Meshkov V.Z., Rastorguev B.S. Proektirovanie armirovaniya zhelezobetona [Design of reinforced concrete reinforcement]. Moscow. 2015. 275 p.
5. Tikhonov I.N., Kozelkov M.M. Calculation and construction of reinforced concrete structures of building floors taking into account protection from progressive collapse. Beton i zhelezobeton. 2009. No. 3, pp. 2–8. (In Russian).
6. Tikhonov I.N., Kozelkov M.M., Rastorguev B.S. Fundamentals of designing reinforced concrete structures taking into account protection from progressive collapse. Beton i zhelezobeton. 2014. No. 6, pp. 22–29. (In Russian).

In February 2023, 2 large earthquakes occurred in the region of the East Anatolian Fault in Kahramanmarash (Turkey) – in Pazardzhik (M_w=7.7) and Elbistan (M_w=7.6) with an interval of 9 hours. In total, these earthquakes affected 11 cities and 15 million people: more than 46 thousand people died, more than 110 thousand people were injured, more than 100 thousand buildings were destroyed. In the first 17 days after these two earthquakes, 8032 aftershocks occurred, of which 424 were more than M_w 4. Peak ground accelerations that far exceed specifications during earthquakes: maximum peak horizontal acceleration (PGA) was 1.23 g, vertical ground acceleration was 1.09 g. The measurements taken at 250 earthquake stations in Turkey allow scientists around the world to conduct more accurate earthquake analysis. The main reasons for the destruction of buildings in Turkey as a result of seismic impacts are as follows: the enormous value of peak ground acceleration (PGA); proportionality of the horizontal and vertical components of the peak ground acceleration (ag horizontal = 1.23 g; ag vertical = 1.09 g); significant displacements of the ground base as a result of two earthquakes of magnitude M_w=7.7 and M_w=7.6 followed by 8032 aftershocks; unfavorable characteristics of the soil base; the desire of capitalist companies to maximize savings on design by using the labor of inexperienced engineers working in software complexes without a deep understanding of the methods of finite element analysis, design requirements, as well as design features in seismic areas; low quality control of construction production both on the part of capitalist companies and on the part of government agencies; the use of incorrect design solutions that do not provide reliability requirements taking into account construction in seismic areas, such as the use of frame systems without seismic insulation, transomless floor slabs of minimum thickness; low quality of materials in combination with low quality of concrete care; the use of smooth reinforcement in old projects (the required anchoring is not provided); violation of design requirements(both at the design stage and at the construction stage) in terms of the installation of transverse reinforcement in order to prevent buckling of longitudinal reinforcement, the perception of transverse forces and torques; the unpopularity of the use of passive seismic isolation in mass housing construction due to its high cost and limited service life; lack of reliable data on seismic zoning indicating maximum values of peak ground acceleration (PGA).

A. KOCHULU¹, Civil Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
D.A. KOCHULU², Civil Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Middle East Technical University (METU) (1, Dumlupinar Boulevard, 06800, University Quarter, Cankaya Ankara, 06800, Turkey)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Mkrtychev O.V., Dzhinchvelashvili G.А. Problemy ucheta nelineinostei v teorii seismostoikosti (gipotezy i zabluzhdeniya) [Problems of nonlinearities in earthquakeresistance theory (hypotheses and errors)]. Moscow: MSUCE Publ. 2012. 192 p.
2. Sosnin A.V. About Refinement of seismic-force-reduction factor K1 and it coherence with response modification technique directed by the spectrum method (in order of discussion). Vestnik grazhdanskih inzhenerov. 2017. No. 1 (60). (In Russian).
3. Sosnin A.V. About a Refinement Procedure of SeismicForceReduction Factor K1 using a Pushover Curve for EarthquakeResistance Estimation of RC LSC Frame Buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 1–2, pp. 60–70. (In Russian).
4. Dzhinchvelashvili G.А., Mkrtychev O.V., Sosnin А.V. General provisions analysis of the seismic building design code SP 14.13330.2011 «SNiP II-7–81*. Construction in Seismic Areas». Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2011. No. 9, pp. 17–21. (In Russian).
5. Belov N.N., Kabantsev O.V., Kopanitsa D.G., Yugov N.T. Raschetno-eksperimental’nyi metod analiza dinamicheskoi prochnosti elementov zhelezobetonnykh konstruktsiy [Calculation-experimental method for analysis of RC structures dynamic strength]. Tomsk: STT Publ. 2008. 292 p.
6. Mamaeva G.V. Dynamic parameters of frame buildings. Stroitel’naja mehanika i raschjot sooruzheniy. 1988. No. 5, pp. 46–51. (In Russian).
7. Abdollahzadeh Gh., Kambakhsh A.M. Height Effect on response modification factor of open chevron eccentrically braced frames. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment. 2012. No. 3 (1), pp. 89–94. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ijee.2012.03.01.2559
8. Guidelines for designers to the Eurocode 8: Design of earthquake-resistant structures: a guide for designers to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5 Eurocode 8: General rules seismic design, seismic effects, the rules of designing buildings and retaining structures: Per. from English. Fardis M. et al. Moscow: MSUSE Publ. 2013. 484 p.
9. Rubin M., Zallen P.E. Behavior of structures during earthquakes. Forensic Engineering in Construction. 2002. No. 7, pp. 1–5.
10. Amintaev G.Sh. Seismic safety – purpose, earthquake resistant structures – means. Inzhenernie izyskaniya. 2014. No. 2, pp. 48–53. (In Russian).
11. Nazarov Yu.P., Ojzerman V.I. The 3-models method for earthquake resistance estimation of structures under seismic loads. Stroitel’naja mehanika i raschjot sooruzheniy. 2007. No. 6, pp. 6–8. (In Russian).
12. Kabantsev O.V., Useinov E.S., SHaripov SH. Determination of allowable damage factor of antiseismic structures. Vestnik TGASU. 2016. No. 2, pp. 117–129. (In Russian).
13. Aizenberg Ya.M. Spitak earthquake on December 7, 1988. Some lessons and conclusions. Seismostoikoe stroitel’stvo. Bezopasnost’ sooruzhenii. 1999. No. 1, pp. 6–9. (In Russian).

The experience of designing and public discussions of a project for the improvement of an object intended for mass recreation – a beach with swimming in the Stroginskaya floodplain in Moscow is considered. Materials of IGBI LLC and Alfamik LLC (general designer of the project) were used for the study. The design and implementation of the project was carried out in 2012–2014. in connection with the numerous appeals of residents to the mayor of Moscow. The recreational area under consideration with an area of more than 7 hectares is of urban importance and is located in the Stroginsky Park within the boundaries of the SPNT of regional significance “Natural and Historical Park” Moskvoretsky “in the territory with the fourth mode of urban development and is adjacent to the Stroginsky Bay – one of the largest artificial reservoirs of the capital. Residents of Strogino and other districts of Moscow have a rest in the area of the Stroginsky Bay, in the park and on the beach. The beach project was designed for 1.5 thousand tourists at a time, while affecting the interests of many thousands of Muscovites. Before the improvement of the beach in the Stroginskaya floodplain, there were no such large beaches, especially since in this case it was a beach with swimming, i. e. with increased sanitary, water protection and environmental requirements, where it is necessary to comply with many regulatory requirements, including those relating to architectural and planning, technical and other solutions that made it possible to equip it on the territory and in the water area with special modes of urban development. That is why retrospective analysis, social and environmental assessment of project results is of scientific, methodological and practical interest. The example shows that a significant part of the social requirements for the project were environmental protection, and it should be taken into account that in this case the residents of the district were well informed about the environmental status of the territory. The experience gained in building a constructive dialogue between designers and authorities, administration and the public in the development of design solutions at various stages of design – from pre-design justification and surveys to public discussions of proposed design solutions before submitting the project to the State Environmental Expertise is considered. Information and indicators of the main design decisions, confirming the social and environmental significance of the project, as well as an analysis of the opinions and concerns of residents regarding the improvement of the beach and the possibility of using it for swimming, are given. The features of the social and environmental assessment of large-scale improvement projects that affect the interests of a large number of residents are analyzed, the influence on the course of public discussions of “group interests” and “motivation” of the subjects of the assessment is noted. It is recommended to create a special methodology for social and environmental assessment of improvement projects for facilities intended for mass recreation in natural and historical areas.

E.L. BELYAEVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

LLC Institute of Geobiospheric Research (1, Off. 512, Annenskiy Proezd, Moscow, 127521, Russian Federation)

1. Vladimirov V.V., Mikulina E.M., Yargina Z.N. Gorod i landshaft [City and landscape]. Moscow: Misl’. 1986. 237 p.
2. Mikulina E.M., Baulina V.N. Okhrana prirody i zadachi landshaftnoy arkhitektury. [Nature protection and tasks of landscape architecture]. Moscow: Znaniye. 1979. 63 p.
3. Nikolaevskaya Z.A. Blagoustroystvo gorodskikh territoriy sredstvami landshaftnoy arkhitektury. V kn. Aktual’nyye problemy blagoustroystva gorodov [Landscaping of urban areas by means of landscape architecture. In book. Actual problems of urban improvement]. Moscow. 1979.
4. Nikolaevskaya Z.A. Vodoyemy v landshafte goroda [Reservoirs in the landscape of the city]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1975. 199 p.
5. Ilyinskaya N.A. Vosstanovleniye istoricheskikh ob”yektov landshaftnoy arkhitektury [Restoration of historical objects of landscape architecture]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat, 1984. 152 p.
6. Blagovidova N.G., Prokhorskaya E.G. Features of the formation and preservation of elements of natural and historical and cultural heritage in the historical cities of the southeastern direction of the Moscow region. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Rossii. 2016. No. 4, pp. 22–29. (In Russian).
7. Polyakova G.A., Gutnikov V.A. Parki Moskvy: ekologiya i floristicheskaya kharakteristika [Moscow parks: ecology and floristic characteristics]. Moscow: GEOS. 2000. 406 p.
8. Krasheninnikov A.V. Kognitivnyye modeli gorodskoy sredy. [Cognitive models of the urban environment]. Moscow: Kurs. 2022. 205 p.
9. Akimkin E.M. Local self-government and social participation. Social participation in the development of development programs (theoretical and practical approaches). Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference. Moscow: Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. 2000, pp. 134–145. (In Russian).
10. Akimkin E.M. What has changed after the “Kutuzovskaya denouement” in the legal field and practice of Moscow city government? Modernization of the domestic management system: trend analysis and development forecast. Materials of the All-Russian scientific-practical conference and XII–XIII Dridze readings. Moscow: IS RAN. 2014, pp. 106–108. (In Russian).
11. Belyaeva E.L. Osobennosti blagoustroystva i ozeleneniya istoricheskikh gorodov. Podkhody i metodicheskiye rekomendatsii [Features of improvement and gardening of historical cities. Approaches and methodical recommendations]. Moscow: Ekon-Inform. 2021. 270 p.
12. Akimkin E.M., Belyaeva E.L. Historical and cultural heritage: an obstacle or a resource for the development of a municipal district. Diagnostics of Power and Control: Communication Mechanisms and “Double Standards”, Proceedings of the All-Russian Conference with International Participation XV Dridze Readings. Moscow: FANO “Institute of Sociology” RAS. 2016, pp. 297–305. (In Russian).
13. Akimkin E.M., Belyaeva E.L. Socio-cultural aspects of the preservation of cultural heritage and new programs for the development of the improvement of Moscow. Russia and the World: Global Challenges and Strategies for Sociocultural Modernization. Materials of the international scientific-practical conference. Moscow: Federal Research Sociological Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2017, pp. 637–644. (In Russian).
14. Belyaeva E.L. Methodology and methodology for designing the improvement and gardening of historical cities. Part 1. Scientific content of the information-analytical model for the design of landscaping and landscaping of historical cities. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2022. No. 2, pp. 59–68. (In Russian).
15. Belyaeva E.L. Methodology and methodology for designing the improvement and gardening of historical cities. Part 2. Use of cartographic methods and development of information-analytical models. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2022. No. 3, pp. 77–87. (In Russian).
16. Prognoznoye sotsial’noye proyektirovaniye i gorod (v 4 knigakh) [Predictive social design and the city (in 4 books)] / Edited by T.M. Dridze. Moscow: Institute of Sociology RAS, 1994–1995.
17. Gradoustroystvo: ot sotsial’noy diagnostiki k konstruktivnomu dialogu zainteresovannykh storon [Urban planning: from social diagnostics to a constructive dialogue of stakeholders / Ed. by T.M. Dridze. Collection of scientific papers in 2 books]. Moscow: Institute of Psychology RAS, 1998.
18. Belyaeva E.L., Belyaev Yu.V. Ecological differentiation of the urban environment in social diagnostics and urban planning (on the issue of assessing the environmental situation in cities). Socially justified urban planning in the mode of predictive design: from social diagnostics to the prevention of conflict situations and to a constructive dialogue of stakeholders. Moscow: Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Center for Social Management, Communication and Social Design Technologies. 2005, pp. 323–341. (In Russian).
19. Belyaeva E.L. Ecology as a sphere of integration of interdisciplinary approaches in city management. Regional Sociology in Russia. Institute of Sociology RAS. Moscow: Ekslibris-Press. 2007, pp. 133–145. (In Russian).
20. Prokhorov B.B. Ekologiya cheloveka [Human ecology]. Moscow: MNEPU. 1999. 346 p.

Every year, earthquakes occur on our planet, to which the terms “destructive” or “catastrophic” are applicable, since they are accompanied by significant destruction and the death of a large number of people. It is impossible to prevent earthquakes, but the current level of development of earthquake-resistant methods in design and construction makes it possible to reduce the number of victims and destruction. The assessment of seismic resistance of structural systems of buildings and structures under the influence of the “maximum considered earthquake” level is recommended by regulatory documents, taking into account the possibility of developing inelastic deformations and local brittle fractures in the bearing and enclosing structural elements. Sections, elements and components of the building, the design development of which was carried out based on the results of the “design basis earthquake”, are checked for the effect of a maximum considered earthquake. Calculations corresponding to the “maximum considered earthquake”, in accordance with regulatory documents, should be performed in the time domain using instrumental or synthesized accelerograms by the method of dynamic analysis. The article shows graphs of the acceleration amplitudes of several recorded earthquakes that occurred at different times, the prevailing frequencies and the corresponding amplitudes of earthquakes are obtained. These data can be used both to calculate models by the direct dynamic method and to experimentally study the elements and components of multi-storey building frames.

А.S. ALEKSEEVA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
N.A. BUZALO, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.N. KUNDRUTSKOV, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI) (132, Prosveshcheniya Street, Novocherkassk, Rostov Region, 346428, Russian Federation)

1. Gulf F., Mehr A.C. Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium roof collapse, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia (Lack of Safety Issues). EPH – International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics. 2016. (ISSN: 2208–2212) 2-10:14–23.
2. Vayas I., Ermopoulos J., Thanopoulos P. Collapse of the roof over the archaeological site in Santorin, Greece. Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. 2006. KG, Berlin Stahlbau. Iss. 75.
3. Aizenberg Ya.M. Seismic risk models and methodological problems of planning measures to mitiga-te seismic disasters. Seismostoikoe stroitel’stvo. Bezopasnost’ sooruzhenii. 2004. No. 6, pp. 31–38. (In Russian).
4. Vedyakov I.I. Eremeev P.G. On the issue of survivability of building structures. Stroitel’naya mekhanika i raschet sooruzhenii. 2008. No. 4, pp. 76–78. (In Russian).
5. Dzhinchvelashvili G.A, Mkrtychev O.V. Analysis of building stability under emergency impacts. Nauka i tekhnika transporta. 2002. No. 2, pp. 34–41. (In Russian).
6. Zubritskiy M.A., Ushakov O.Yu., Sabitov L.S. Assessment of seismic resistance of high-rise buildings and structures under seismic impact of the «Maximum calculated earthquake» level by a nonlinear static method. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2020. No. 3 (89), pp. 63–71. (In Russian).
7. Pshenichkina V.A., Drozdov V.V., Chauskin A.Yu. Seismicheskaya nadezhnost’ zdanii povyshennoi etazhnosti: monografiya [Seismic reliability of high-rise buildings: monograph]. Volgograd: VSTU. 2022. 180 p.
8. Perelmuter A.V. Izbrannye problemy nadezhnosti i bezopasnosti stroitel’nykh konstruktsii [Selected problems of reliability and safety of building structures]. Moscow: ASV. 2007. 256 p.
9. Zubritskiy M.A., Ushakov O.Y., Sabitov L.S. Performance-based seismic evaluation methods for the estimation of inelastic deformation demands. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019. Vol. 570.
10. Isakova O.P., Tarasevich Yu.Yu., Yuzyuk Yu.I. Obrabotka i vizualizatsiya dannykh fizicheskikh eksperimentov s pomoshch’yu paketa Origin [Processing and visualization of physical experiment data using the Origin package]. Moscow: LIBKOM, 2009. 136 с.

In the architecture and layout of the city of Mangup, how the evolution of the positioning of the Crimean Peninsula space from the Bronze Age to the times of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires was reflected in a mirror. The article analyzes the first cave city that arose on the Mangup plateau, its successor – the ancient city of Rhodes, the capital of the Gothic principality of Feodoro and the Turkish fortress city of the Ottoman Empire period. The author highlights the stages of the city’s development and the architectural features of each of them, examines the unique qualities of the Mangup territory that attracted representatives of many tribes and peoples to it at different times, traces the evolution and genesis of the positioning of the city space.

P.V. PANUKHIN, Candidate of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Moscow Institute of Architecture (State Academy) – MARKHI (11, Rozhdestvenka Street, 107031, Moscow, Russian Federation)

1. Herzen A.Yu., Mogarichev Yu.M. Cave structures of Mangup. Uchenye zapiski Tavricheskogo natsional’nogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. 2017. Vol. 3 (69). Iss. 3. (In Russian).
2. Weinmarn E.V., Loboda I.I., Pioro I.S., Choref M.Ya. Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya stolitsy knyazhestva Feodoro [Archaeological research of the capital of the principality of Feodoro]. Kiev: Naukova dumka. 1974, pp. 102–129.
3. Panukhin P.V. Formation of the macrostructure of the fortress-cities of the tauride peninsula in the period of the II Century BC. – middle of the XV centuries. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 1–2, pp. 28–35. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-1-2-28-35
4. Kizilov M.B. Goty, strana Dori i knyazhestvo Feodoro (Mangup) [Goths, the country of Dori and the principality of Feodoro (Mangup)]. Simferopol’: Nasledie tysyacheletii. 2015, pp. 50–54.
5. Keppen P.S. Mangup. V kn. O drevnostyakh yuzhnago berega Kryma i gor Tavricheskikh [Mangup. In the book: About the antiquities of the southern coast of the Crimea and the Tauride Mountains]. Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences. 1837, pp. 261–290.
6. Kondaraki V.H. Mangup-kale. Zapiski Odesskogo Obshchestva Istorii i Drevnostei. Odessa: Tipografiya Aleksomati. 1889. Vol. VIII, pp. 419–426.
7. Popov A.N. Mangup-Kale i Syuren’ [Mangup-Kale and Suren]. Simferopol’: Tavricheskaya gubernskaya tipografiya. 1888, pp.116–118.
8. Nikolsky N. P. Mangup-kale. Zapiski Krymskogo gornogo kluba. 1893. No. 3, pp. 67–82.
9. Berthier-Delagard A.L. Kalamita and Feodoro. Izvestiya Tavricheskoi Uchenoi Arkhivnoi Komissii. Simferopol’: Tipografiya Spiro. 1918. Vol. 55, pp. 44. (In Russian).
10. Evliya Celebi. Opisanie kreposti Mankup-kakhkakha krymskoi strany. V kn.: Kniga puteshestviya. Krym i sopredel’nye oblasti [Description of the fortress of Mankup – kakhkakh of the Crimean country. In the book: Travel book. Crimea and adjacent regions. Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi]. Simferopol: Dolya. 2008, pp. 75–79.

Trade buildings exist in every city, many of them were built in the middle of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The public space of retail buildings is their compositional core, as well as a part of the city’s historical center. In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Berlin, London, Paris, historical commercial buildings were often rebuilt, changed, transformed, expanded their boundaries and, at the same time, retained their significance in the structure of the modern city. At the same time, as a rule, historical buildings and their structure were preserved. The evolution of public space in commercial buildings is directly related to the emergence of new and the development of existing structural systems and the use of new building materials. Only after the advent of translucent structures, large commercial buildings (covered markets, arcades and department stores) with public spaces in the form of arcades and atriums formed as the main architectural types and spread throughout the world. It was the development of these structures that made it possible to create public and commercial spaces, and additional comfortable communications in the structure of the city. It was the department stores that Zh.E. Haussmann called “the basis and model of the city” during the reconstruction of Paris. The main types of commercial buildings (markets, gostiny yards, passages and department stores) and the types of their public spaces – passages and atriums are considered in the context of the development of constructive solutions.

I.A. PROKOFIEVA, Candidate of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Moscow Institute of Architecture (State Academy of Architecture) – MARKHI (11, Rozhdestvenka Street, Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation)

1. Gidion Z. Prostranstvo, vremya, arkhitektura [Space, time, architecture]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1984. 455 p.
2. Maitland B. Peshekhodnye torgovo-obshchestvennye prostranstva [Pedestrian commercial and public spaces]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1989. 155 p.
3. Prokofieva I.A., Khait V.L. Moscow passages – yesterday, today, tomorrow. Tradition and modernity. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Moskvy. 2001. No. 1, pp. 18–23. (In Russian).
4. Prokofieva I.A. The cylindrical vault of V.G. Shukhov in public, commercial buildings in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2010. No. 10, pp. 28–32. (In Russian).
5. Prokofieva I.A., Public and commercial buildings in the structure of the historical center of Moscow and Paris. Principles of succession and development. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 3, pp. 25–32. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-3-25-32
6. Prokofieva I.A. The history of the trading house of the economic society of officers on Vozdvizhenka Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 8, pp. 11–17. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-8-11-16
7. Prokofieva I.A. Gostiny yard. History and modernity. Academia. Architectura i stroitel’stvo. 2010. No. 1, pp. 41–46. (In Russian).
8. Prokofieva I.A. Ilyinka. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Moskvy. 2010. Vol. 549. No. 1, pp. 32–50. (In Russian).
9. Grefe R., Gappoev M. M., Perchi O. V.G. Shukhov (1853–1939): Iskusstvo konstruktsii [Shukhov (1853–1939): The Art of Construction]. Moscow: Mir. 1994. 192 p.
10. Geist J. Arcades. London. 1985. 604 p.

The problem of trouble-free operation of linear structures on compressible bases is an urgent task of service organizations. For pressure water supply, sanitation, and heat supply facilities belonging to the category of CS-3, it becomes particularly relevant. The relevant services responsible for their technical condition are required to regularly monitor their deformations. From the geotechnical practice of operating such structures, excessive deformations of the foundation bases that perceive the calculated loads from them are often observed. At the same time, such deformations are aggravated due to the presence of weak engineering and geological elements in the foundations, as well as deformations of special earthworks such as underground dams, lashers or other hydraulic engineering facilities. This article describes a unique case of restoring an emergency situation in a section of a deformed soil dam as a result of a collapse of the soil mass, which was the base of pressure water supply pipelines. The use of EDT bored-injection piles, arranged using electric discharge technology, made it possible to solve the problem of an accident, namely, to prevent further destruction of the embankment and ensure guaranteed safe operation of the entire pressurized water supply system.

N.S. SOKOLOV^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
S.N. SOKOLOV², Directoe, LLC “Stroitel Forst”;
A.N. SOKOLOV², Director for construction (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov (15, Moskovsky Avenue, Cheboksary, 428015, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)
² LLC NPF “FORST” (109a, Kalinina Street, Cheboksary, 428000, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)

1. Ulickij V.M., Shashkin A.G., Shashkin K.G. Geotekhnicheskoe soprovozhdenie razvitiya gorodov [Geotechnical Support of Urban Development]. Saint Petersburg: Georeconstruction. 2010. 551 p.
2. Ilichev V.A., Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Experience of development of russian megacities underground space. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2012. No. 2, pp. 17–20. (In Russian).
3. Travush V.I., Shulyat’ev S.O., Baukov A.U. Tray research of slab-sand base interaction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 9, pp. 3–11. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-9-3-11
4. Ilyichev V.A., Nikiforova N.S., Konnov A.V. The effect of the transformation of cryolithozone soils on their temperature state at the base of the building. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 9, pp. 12–17. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-9-12-17
5. Ilyichev V.A., Nikiforova N.S., Konnov A.V. Forecast of changes in the temperature state of the building base in climate warming. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 6, pp. 18–24. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-6-18-24
6. Nikiforova N.S., Konnov A.V. Influence of permafrost degradation on piles bearing capacity. II All-Russian conference with international participation: Deep foundations and geotechnical problems of territories. Perm. 2020.
7. Nikiforova N.S., Konnov A.V. Forecast of the soil deformations and decrease of the bearing capacity of pile foundations operating in the cryolithozone. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. 2022. No. 18 (1), pp. 141–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2022-18-1-141-150
8. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G., Ter-Martirosyan A.Z., Anzhelo G.O. The interaction of non-filtering crushed stone pile (column) with the surrounding consolidating soil and plate in the pile-slab foundation. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 4, pp. 19–23. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-4-19-23
9. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G., Ter-Martirosyan A.Z., Angelo G.O. Interaction of gravel piles with the surrounding soil and raft. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2019. No. 3, pp. 2–6. (In Russian).
10. Pivarč J. Stone columns – determination of thesoil improvement factor. Slovak journal of civil engineering. 2011. Vol. XIX. No. 3, pp. 17–21.
11. Sokolov N.S. Ground Ancher Produced by Elektric Discharge Technology, as Reinforsed Concrete Structure. Key Enginiring Materials. 2018. Vol. 771, pp. 77–81. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.771.75
12. Sokolov N.S. Use of the Piles of Effective Type in Geotechnical Construction. Key Enginiring Materials. 2018. Vol. 771, pp. 70–74. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.771.70
13. Sokolov N.S. One of the cases of strengthening the base of a deformed landslide protection retaining wall. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 12, pp. 23–27. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-12-23-27
14. Sokolov N.S., Viktorova S.S. Method of aliging the lurches of objects with large-sized foundations and increased loads on them. Penodico Tche Quimica. 2018. Vol. 15, pp. 1–11.
15. Sokolov N.S. Technological methods of installation of bored-injection piles with multiple enlargements. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 10, pp. 54–57. (In Russian).

Defects in the finishing coatings of building structures are one of the most common problems faced not only by developers, but also by residents of new buildings in the initial period of their operation. This work is devoted to establishing the causes and mechanisms of the occurrence of destructive processes in the interior decoration of interior partitions made of tongue-and-groove gypsum boards, an apartment building with a monolithic frame, which appeared a few months after the completion of the plastering work. To solve the set goal, the authors used an integrated approach, which included a constructive, materials science, and organizational and technological aspect. It has been established that large-scale self-destructive deformations of the plaster layer are caused by intense movement of water vapor from the porous base of the slab after turning on the heating in the premises, and the movement of steam was prevented by an incorrectly selected multi-layer finishing coating, which has less vapor permeability than a gypsum tongue-and-groove slab. Excess moisture in the porous structure of the slabs appeared as a result of its capillary suction from cement-sand screeds, which were laid at this facility after the installation of internal partitions, that is, in violation of existing regulatory requirements.

I.K. DOMANSKAYA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
N.I. FOMIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin (19, Mira Street, Yekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation)

1. Медяник Ю.В. Классификация и анализ дефектов и повреждений штукатурных покрытий фасадов зданий // Известия Казанского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета. 2018. № 2 (44). С. 231–238.
1. Medyanik Y.V. Classification and analysis of defects and damages of plaster coatings of building facades. Izvestiya KGASU. 2018. No. 2 (44), pp. 231–238. (In Russian).
2. Василик П.Г., Калашников Р.В., Бурьянов А.Ф., Фишер Х.-Б. Исследование причин возникновения трещин в материалах на основе гипсового вяжущего // Строительные материалы. 2015. № 6. С. 88–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2015-726-6-88-92
2. Vasilik P.G., Kalashnikov R.V., Buryanov A.F., Fischer H.-B. Investigation of the causes of cracks in materials based on gypsum binder. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2015. No. 6, pp. 88–92. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2015-726-6-88-92
3. Pereira A., Palha F., Brito J. de & Silvestre J. D. Diagnosis and repair of gypsum plaster coatings: statistical characterization and lessons learned from a field survey. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 2014. No. 20 (4)-15, pp. 485–496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801918
4. Литвиненко С.В., Поташев М.Г., Балмасов Г.Ф. К вопросу о трещиностойкости гипсовых штукатурок на газобетонных основаниях // Сухие строительные смеси. 2017. № 4. С. 30–37.
4. Litvinenko S.V., Potashev M.G., Balmasov G.F. On the issue of crack resistance of gypsum plasters on aerated concrete bases. Suhie stroitelnye smesi. 2017. No. 4, pp. 30–37. (In Russian).
5. Гончаров Ю.А., Дубровина Г.Г., Шныпко С.Д. Обеспечение требуемых акустических условий в помещениях за счет применения гипсовых пазогребневых плит // Строительные материалы. 2018. № 8. С. 31–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-762-8-31-35
5. Goncharov Yu.A., Dubrovina G.G., Shnipko S.D. Provision of the required acoustic conditions in the premises through the use of gypsum groove-ridge slabs. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 8, pp. 31–35. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2018-762-8-31-35
6. Садуакасов М.С., Шойбеков Б.М., Токмаджешвили Г.Г., Ермуханбет М.А., Мейрханов Т.Б. Пеногипсовые панели для перегородок // Строительные материалы. 2019. № 10. С. 64–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-775-10-64-69.
6. Saduakasov M.S., Shaibekov B.M., Tokmajeshvili G.G., Ermukhanbet M.A., Meyrkhanov T.B. Foam gypsum panels for partitions. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 10, pp. 64–69. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-775-10-64-69
7. Бессонов И.В., Жуков А.Д., Горбунова Э.А. Исследование водостойкости гидрофобизированных пазогребневых гипсовых плит // Строительные материалы. 2021. № 6. С. 57–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-792-6-57-61.
7. Bessonov I.V., Zhukov A.D., Gorbunova E.A. Investigation of water resistance of hydrophobized groove-ridge gypsum slabs. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2021. No. 6, pp. 57–61. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2021-792-6-57-61
8. Коровяков В.Ф., Бурьянов А.Ф. Научно-технические предпосылки эффективного использования гипсовых материалов в строительстве // Жилищное строительство. 2015. № 12. С. 38–40.
8. Korovyakov V.F., Buryanov A.F. Scientific and technical prerequisites for the effective use of gypsum materials in construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 12, pp. 38–40. (In Russian).
9. Villoria Sáez P., del Río Merino M., Sorrentino M., Porras Amores C., Santa Cruz Astorqui J. & Viñas Arrebola C. Mechanical Characterization of Gypsum Composites Containing Inert and Insulation Materials from Construction and Demolition Waste and Further Application as A Gypsum Block. Materials. 2020. No. 13 (1), pp. 193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010193
10. Cesar Porras Amores, Jaime Santa Cruz Astorqui, Mercedes Del Rio Merino, Paola Villoria Saez, Carmen Viñas Arrebola. Analysis of the vitability of prefabricated elements for partitions manufactured with plaster and eps from waste recycling. Dyna. 2020. No. 94 (4), pp. 415-420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6036/8984
11. Куренков О.Г., Олейник П.П. Оценка степени отражения качества объекта в исполнительной документации // Строительное производство. 2019. № 1. С. 78–81.
11. Kurenkov O.G., Oleinik P.P. Assessment of the degree of reflection of the quality of the object in the as-built documentation. Stroiyelnoe proizvodstvo. 2019. No. 1, pp. 78–81. (In Russian).
12. Орлова Е.А., Байбурин А.Х., Фомин Н.И. Камеральная оценка достоверности строительной исполнительной документации // Вестник ЮУрГУ.Сер. Строительство и архитектура. 2021. Т. 21. № 4. С. 24–31. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.14529/build210403
12. Orlova E.A., Baiburin A.Kh., Fomin N.I. Assessment of the degree of reflection of the quality of the object in the as-built documentation. Vestnik YUrGU. Stroitelstvo i arhitectura. 2021. Vol. 21. No. 4, pp. 24–31. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.14529/build210403
13. Старцев С.А., Харитонов А.М., Ступак М.В., Чиркин А.С. Оценка степени влияния капиллярного подсоса на увлажнение кирпичной кладки // Инновации и инвестиции. 2021. № 4. С. 293–297.
13. Startsev S.A., Kharitonov A.M., Stupak M.V., Chirkin A.S. Assessment of the degree of influence of capillary suction on the moistening of brickwork. Innovations and investments. 2021. No. 4, pp. 293–297. (In Russian).
14. Li M., Yu H., Du H. Prediction of capillary suction in porous media based on micro-CT technology and B-C model. Open Physics. 2020. No. 18 (1), рр. 906–915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2020-0203
15. Jiang Lu, Ke Wang, Ming-Liang Qu. Experimental determination on the capillary water absorption coefficient of porous building materials: A comparison between the intermittent and continuous absorption tests. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020. Vol. 28. 3. 101091. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101091

Massive reinforced concrete structures at the construction stage experience a complex stress-strain state due to uneven thermal expansion caused by heat release during the exothermic reaction of concrete. The purpose of the article is to study the main factors that should be taken into account when constructing models for calculating massive reinforced concrete structures at the construction stage. The main factors determining the temperature and stress-strain state of concrete are summarized. Recommendations on the compilation of design models, the use of the necessary software, as well as on the establishment of individual parameters set in these software complexes are made, the admissibility of dividing the associated temperature–strength problem into two subtasks – temperature and strength is shown. The significance of the results obtained are in the possibility of compiling similar computational models with arbitrary dimensions, shape and boundary conditions.

E.A. REDIKULTSEV^1,2, Engineer,
Z.V. BELYAEVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Ural Federal University (19, Mira Street, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russian Federation)
² “Effective design” LLC (29, Mashinostroitelei Street, Ekaterinburg, 620012, Russian Federation)

1. Smolana A., Klemczak B., Azenha M., Schlicke D. Early age cracking risk in a massive concrete foundation slab: Comparison of analytical and numerical prediction models with on-site measurements. Construction and Building Materials. 2021. No. 301. 124135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124135
2. Struchkova A.Y., Barabanshchikov Yu.G., Semenov K.V., Shaibakova Al.A. Heat dissipation of cement and calculation of crack resistance of concrete massifs. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2018. No. 2 (78), pp. 128–135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18720/MCE.78.10
3. Ginzburg S.M., Korsakova L.V., Pavlenko P.V. Temperature regime and thermal stress state of rolled concrete dams during their construction. Izvestiya Vserossiyskogo nauchno-issledovatel’skogo instituta gidrotekhniki im. B.E. Vedeneyeva. 2007. Vol. 249, pp. 17–24. (In Russian).
4. Semenov K.V., Struchkova A.Ya. Thermal crack resistance of massive reinforced concrete structures during the construction period. AlfaBuild. 2017. No. 2 (2), pp. 31–33.
5. Redikultsev E.A., Belyaeva Z.V. Design of reinforced concrete structures in the early stages of construction taking into account heat dissipation of concrete. 7th International Symposium Actual Problems of Computational Simulation in Civil Engineering. Novosibirsk. 2018. P. 012026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/456/1/012026
6. Solov’yanchik A.R., Pulyayev S.M., Pulyayev I.S. Investigation of heat release of cements used in the construction of a bridge across the Kerch Strait. Vestnik Sibirskogo gosudarstvennogo avtomobil’no-dorozhnogo universiteta. 2018. Vol. 15. No. 2 (60), pp. 283–293. (In Russian).
7 Klausen A., Gederaas O., Bjøntegaard Ø., Sellevold E. Comparison of tensile and compressive creep of fly ash concretes in the hardening phase. Cement and Concrete Research. 2017. No. 95, pp. 188–194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.018
8. Leon G., Chen H.-L. Thermal analysis of mass concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag. Civil Engineering. 2021. No. 2, pp. 254–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng2010014
9. Barannik N.V., Kotov S.V., Potapova Ye.S., Malakhin S.S. Determination of the heat release of concrete during its hardening under isothermal conditions. Vestnik NITs «Stroitel’stvo». 2022. No. 33 (2), pp. 44–62. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2022-2(33)-44-62
10. Aniskin N.A., Nguyen Trong Chuc, Bryansky I.A., Dam Huu Hung. Determination of the temperature field and thermal stress state of the massive of stacked concrete by finite element method. Vestnik MGSU. 2018. Vol. 13. Iss. 11, pp. 1407–1418. DOI: 10.22227/1997-0935.2018.11.1407-1418
11. Kuriakose B., Rao B., Dodagouda G. Early-age temperature distribution in a massive concrete foundation. Procedia Technology. 2016. No. 25, pp. 107–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.087
12. Bolgov A.N., Nevskiy A.V., Ivanov S.I., Sokurov A.Z. Numerical modeling of thermal stresses in concrete of massive structures during the hardening period. Promyshlennoye i grazhdanskoye stroitel’stvo. 2022. No. 4, pp. 6–13. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2022.04.06-13
13. Sargam Y., Faytarouni M., Wang K. [et al.] Predicting thermal performance of a mass concrete foundation – A field monitoring case study. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2019. Vol. 11. P. e00289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00289.
14. Shifrin S.A. Thermophysical foundations for the formation of consumer properties of structural elements of transport structures from monolithic and precast-monolithic reinforced concrete. Doctor diss. (Engineering). Moscow. 2007. 487 p. (In Russian).
15. Aniskin N.A., Shaytanov A.M. Full-scale experiment on heat release of concrete and use of its results for verification of the ANSYS software. Vestnik MGSU. 2022. Vol. 17. No. 6, pp. 727–737. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2022.6.727-737
16. Carey A., Howard I., Shannon J. Variable temperature insulated block curing on laboratory scale specimens to simulate thermal profiles of modestly sized ultra-high performance concrete placements. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2022. No. 133. 104707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104707
17. Van Lam T., Nguen C.C., Bulgakov B.I., Anh P.N. Composition calculation and cracking estimation of concrete at early ages. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2018. No. 6 (82), pp. 136–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18720/MCE.82.13
18. Dawood A. Tensile and compressive creep of early age concrete: testing and modelling. Doctoral Thesis. Trondheim, Norway. 2003. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267715486_Tensile_and_Compressive_Creep_of_Early_Age_Concrete_Testing_and_Modelling (Date of access 19.10.22)
19. Hilaire A., Benboudjema F., Darquennes A., Berthaud Y., Nahas G. Modeling basic creep in concrete at early-age under compressive and tensile loading. Nuclear Engineering and Design. 2014. Vol. 269, pp. 222–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.08.034
20. Li L., Dabarera A., Dao V. Basic tensile creep of concrete with and without superabsorbent polymers at early ages. Construction and Building Materials. 2022. No. 320. 126180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126180
21. Korotchenko I.A., Ivanov E.N., Manovitsky S.S. Deformation of concrete creep in the thermal stress state calculation of massive concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2017. No. 1 (69), pp. 56–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18720/MCE.69.5
22. Jirásek M. Properties of creep compliance functions and their relation to retardation spectra. 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures. Prague. 2015, pp. 1269–1278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479346.151
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24. Ulitskiy I.I. Teoriya i raschet zhelezobetonnykh sterzhnevykh konstruktsii s uchetom dlitel’nykh protsessov [Theory and calculation of reinforced concrete bar structures, taking into account long-term processes]. Kyiv. 1967. 346 p.
25. Gustaf Westman. Concrete creep and thermal stresses. New creep models and their effects on stress development. Sweden. 1999.

The task of ensuring reliable operation of existing buildings is an urgent problem in modern geotechnical construction. As a rule, the foundations of any building and structure, due to their operation in difficult conditions, are subject to groundwater, freezing and thawing, and other negative impacts. In order to reduce the negative effects on them, as a rule, the working project provides for horizontal and vertical waterproofing. After the time has elapsed, these elements often fail, partially or completely terminating the originally set parameters to exclude soaking of foundations. This is especially true for objects of cultural heritage (OСH), because the requirements for trouble-free operation are increased. The article deals with one of the cases of technical inspection of the foundations of the building of the Chuvash Drama Theater.

N.S. SOKOLOV^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
S.N. SOKOLOV², Directoe, LLC “Stroitel Forst”;
A.N. SOKOLOV², Director for construction (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov (15, Moskovsky Avenue, Cheboksary, 428015, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)
² LLC NPF “FORST (109a, Kalinina Street, Cheboksary, 428000, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)

1. Malganov A.I., Plevkov V.S., Polishchuk A.I. Vosstanovlenie i usilenie stroitel’nykh konstruktsii avariinykh i rekonstruiruemykh zdanii [Restoration and strengthening of building structures of emergency and reconstructed buildings]. Tomsk: GTU, 1992. 456 p.
2. Grozdov V.T. Priznaki avariinogo sostoyaniya nesushchikh konstruktsii zdanii i sooruzhenii [Signs of an emergency condition of load-bearing structures of buildings and structures]. Saint Petersburg: KN+. 2000. 48 p.
3. Polishchuk A.I., Semenov I.V. Design of reinforcement of foundations of reconstructed, restored buildings using piles. Construction and Geotechnics. 2020. Vol. 11. No. 4, pp. 33–45. (In Russian).
4. Gotman N.Z., Safiullin M.N. Calculation of reinforcement by piles of the slab foundation of the reconstructed building. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2022. No. 4, pp. 2–6. (In Russian).
5. Polishchuk A.I., Petukhov A.A. Methods of strengthening foundations and building structures of the basement of reconstructed, restored buildings. Vestnik Permskogo natsional’nogo issledovatel’skogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura. 2018. Vol. 9. No. 1, pp. 42–51.(In Russian).
6. Aigumov M.M., Aslanbegov A.I. Technologies for strengthening the foundations of emergency and reconstructed. Resursoenergoeffektivnye tekhnologii v stroitel’nom komplekse regiona. 2019. No. 11, pp. 328–332. (In Russian).
7. Ilichev V.A., Konovalov P.A., Nikiforova N.S., Bulgakov L.A. Deformations of the Retaining Structures Upon Deep Excavations in Moscow. Proc. Of Fifth Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, April 3–17. New York, 2004, pp. 5–24.
8. Ilichev V.A., Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Experience of development of russian megacities underground space. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2012. No. 2, pp. 17–20. (In Russian).
9. Ulickij V.M., Shashkin A.G., Shashkin K.G. Geotekhnicheskoe soprovozhdenie razvitiya gorodov [Geotechnical Support of Urban Development]. Saint Petersburg: Georeconstruction. 2010. 551 p.
10. Nikiforova N.S., Vnukov D.A. Geotechnical cut-off diaphragms for built-up area protection in urban underground development. The pros, of the 7thI nt. Symp. «Geotechnical aspects of underground construction in soft ground», 16–18 May, 2011. tc28 IS Roma, AGI, 2011, № 157NIK.
11. Nikiforova N.S., Vnukov D.A. The use of cut off of different types as a protection measure for existing buildings at the nearby underground pipelines installation. Proc. of Int. Geotech. Conf. dedicated to the Year of Russia in Kazakhstan. Almaty, Kazakhstan, 23–25 September 2004, pp. 338–342.
12. Sokolov N.S. Ground Ancher Produced by Elektric Discharge Technology, as Reinforsed Concrete Structure. Key Enginiring Materials. 2018. June. 771:75-81. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.771.75
13. Sokolov N.S. Use of the Piles of Effective Type in Geotechnical Construction. Key Enginiring Materials. 2018. June. 771:70-74. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.771.70
14. Sokolov N.S. One of the cases of strengthening the base of a deformed landslide protection retaining wall. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 12, pp. 23–27. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-12-23-27

The article analyzes the “Greek project” of Catherine II, the main goal of which was the assertion of Orthodox values of Russia as the successor of Byzantium and the embodiment of the “Third Rome” in the South European geopolitical positioning. According to its function, the voyage to the “noonday region” conceived by Ekaterina and Potemkin was nothing more than the highest inspection of the newly acquired lands of Novorossiya and Crimea after the Russian-Turkish war of 1758–1774. The author also analyzes the attempt of the British special services to prevent the positioning of Crimea as the territory of the Russian Orthodox world by organizing a “counter-voyage” to the Crimea of their agent, traveler Elizabeth Lady Craven to collect strategic information, drawing up a map of the peninsula and describing its settlements.

P.V. PANUKHIN, Candidate of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Moscow Institute of Architecture (State Academy) – MARKHI (11, Rozhdestvenka Street, 107031, Moscow, Russian Federation)

1. Shlyapnikova E.A. The present borders promise peace to Russia... The annexation of Crimea to Russia in 1783. Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal. 2017. No. 3, pp. 43–46. (In  Russian).
2. Belik Yu.L. Results and prospects of research of the fortresses of the Kerch peninsula. In the collection: Bosporus of Cimmeria and the barbarian world in the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Materials of the international scientific conference. Kerch. 2019, pp. 70–74. (In Russian).
3. Khrapovitsky A.V. Journal of the highest journey of Her Majesty Empress Catherine II Autocrat of All Russia, in the Noonday Country of Russia, in 1787 Moscow. Simferopol’: Tavrida. 2017. 287 c.
4. Efimov S.A. Malgin A.V. Taurida province:administrative-territorial structure and population. Istoricheskoe nasledie Kryma. Sb. statei NITs krymovedeniya i okhrany kul’turnogo naslediya Respubliki Krym. Simferopol’. 2022, pp. 5–18. (In Russian).
5. Panukhin P.V. Prostranstvo i vremya na kartakh Kryma [Space and time on the maps of the Crimea]. Moscow: Architectura-S. 2020. 455 p.
6. Panukhin P.V. Spatial defense system of the Crimean peninsula during the period of the Paris Treaty of 1856–1870. Architecton: izvestiya vuzov. 2022. No. 3 (79). (In Russian). DOI: 10.47055/1990-4126-2022-3(79)5
7. Panukhin P.V. Cooperation of Peter I and Nicolaas Witsen in positioning fortifications of the time of the First and Second Azov campaigns. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 8, pp. 3–10. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31659/0044-4472-2022-8-3-10