The measures under the section “Engineering and technical measures of civil defense and emergency prevention” are considered in connection with the occurrence of geotechnical risks during surveys, design and construction. Geotechnical risk assessment should quantitatively characterize possible losses during the design and construction period, taking into account various options for applying measures to prevent natural emergencies in difficult soil conditions. Geotechnical risks are determined by the development of karst and suffusion processes, landslide formation and flooding of the construction area of panel buildings.

I.V. AVERIN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), General Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
O.V. KOPTEVA², Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Inzhenernaya Geologiya OOO (16 Yartsevskaya Street, Moscow, 121552, Russian Federation)
² Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

список

The description of the importance of the transition to the construction of precast reinforced concrete is given. Since 1957, the country has taken first place in the world in terms of the number of apartments under construction per 1,000 inhabitants. This sharp breakthrough in construction pulled other branches of the national economy along with it. Technological methods of monolithic construction can no longer significantly increase the pace of building construction. The advantage of a frame for buildings of socio-cultural purpose for the implementation of any architectural solutions. The main solutions of the RKD system (frame-braced frame with diaphragms). The issues of reducing labor costs and resources for the production of products and their installation are considered. Examples of practical application of the RKD system are given. It is noted that the equipment for the production of reinforced concrete products is mainly Russian-made.

O.V. FOTIN, Сhief Designer of RKD System (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Siberian Branch of TSNIISK (Research Institute of Building Constructions) named after V.A. Koucherenko, JSC Research Center of Construction(27, Off. 406, Stepana Razina Street, Irkutsk, 664025, Russian Federation)

1. Nikolaev S.V. Revival of large-panel construction in Russia. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 4, pp. 2–8. (In Russian).
2. Nikolaev S.V. Social housing at a new stage of improvement. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2013. No. 3, pp. 2–8. (In Russian).
3. Nikolaev S.V. The possibility of reviving house-building plants on domestic equipment. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 5, pp. 3–7. (In Russian).
4. Patent RF 143211. Sbornyi zhelezobetonnyi karkas mnogoetazhnogo zdaniya [Precast reinforced concrete frame of a multi-storey building]. Fotin O.V., Zimina A.S., Kiselev D.V. Declared 17.02.2014. Publ. 20.07.2014. Bull. No. 20. (In Russian).
5. Fotin O.V. System of RKD «Irkutsk frame» of multi-storey buildings and structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 5,pp. 65–68. (In Russian).
6. Fotin O.V. The system of RCD «Irkutsk frame» of multi-storey buildings and structures. Seismicheskoe stroitel’stvo. Bezopasnost’ sooruzhenii. 2016. No. 1, pp. 44–50. (In Russian).

Volumetric housing construction with flexible apartment layouts is considered, in the variants of using a volumetric block with a pre-stressed prefabricated monolithic ceiling, in which a prefabricated pre-stressed hollow plate is used. Transformable tooling and technology for the manufacture of a flexible volumetric block are considered. Variants of modernization of existing technologies are given.

A.N. KORSHUNOV¹, Design Engineer (а.кThis email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
E.F. FILATOV², Head of Laboratory (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ JSC «Kazan Giproniiaviaprom» (1 Dementieva Street, Kazan, 420127, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation)
² LLC «INT-Solushn» (18, Peresveta Street, Bryansk, 241019, Russian Federation)

1. Bronnikov P.I. Ob»emno-blochnoe domostroenie [Volumetric-block housing construction]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1979. 160 p.
2. Granik Yu.G. Zavodskoe proizvodstvo elementov polnosbornykh domov [Factory production of elements of fully assembled houses]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1984. 221 p.
3. Senоtov V.I., Kolokoltseva N.N. Design and construction of efficient and affordable housing from volumetric blocks. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2011. No. 3, pp. 20–22. (In Russian).
4. Zhigulina A.Yu., Ponomarenko A.M. Affordable housing from volume blocks. History and present. Traditions and innovations in construction and architecture. Architecture and design the collection of articles under the editorship of M.I. Balzannikov, K.S. Galitskov, E.A. Akhmedova. Samara state architectural and construction university. Samara. 2015, pp. 76–81. (In Russian).
5. Zhigulina A.Yu., Mizyuryaev of S. A. Volumetric-block housing construction as version of the solution of housing problem. Traditions and innovations in construction and architecture. Architecture and design: the collection of articles under the editorship of M.I. Balzannikov, K.S. Galitskov, E.A. Akhmedova. Samara state architectural and construction university. Samara, 2015, pp. 124–128. (In Russian).
6. Teshev I.D., Korosteleva G.K., Popova M.A. Space block house prefabrication. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 3, pp. 26–33. (In Russian).
7. Teshev I.D., Korosteleva G.K., Popova M.A., Shchedrin Yu.N. Modernization of housing module prefabrication plants. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 3, pp. 10–13. (In Russian).
8. Tikhomirov B.I., Korshunov A.N. The line of bezopalubochny formation – efficiency plant with flexible technology. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 4, pp. 22–26. (In Russian).
9. Nikolaev S.V. Revival of House Building Factories on the Basis of Domestic Equipment. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 2, pp. 4–9. (In Russian).
10. Yumasheva E.I., Sapacheva L.V. The house-building industry and the social order of time. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2014. No. 10, pp. 3–11. (In Russian).
11. Khubaev A.O., Sahakyan S.S. The practice of using volumetric-block housing construction in Russia. Vestnik Permskogo NIPU. 2020. No. 3 (39), pp. 112–118. (In Russian).
12. RF Patent 2715781. Sposob proizvodstva ob»emnogo modulya [The method of production of the volumetric module]. Meshcheryakov A.S., Ambartsumyan S.A. Declared 19.08.2019. Publ. 03.20. Bull. No. 7. (In Russian).
13. Patent RF 2712845. Sposob izgotovleniya krupnogabaritnogo ob»emnogo modulya [Method of manufacturing a large-sized volumetric module]. Meshcheryakov A.S., Ambartsumyan S.A. Declared 30.11.2018. Publ. 30.01.2020. Bull. No. 4. (In Russian).

During several years, there is a trend towards the development of active commercial urban life, which is accompanied by the reconstruction and renovation of existing office, public and commercial facilities and urban spaces. Some objects as a result of new construction have retained only the shell and facades, some have been irretrievably lost. The history of many commercial buildings is directly related to underground construction and the expansion of urban space into the underground level, especially in the city center. The Golitsyn Gallery, Alexander Passage, Central Department Store, Voentorg clearly illustrate this theme. The history of Voentorg on Vozdvizhenka Street is a reflection of the current trend and the result of economic, social, architectural and urban factors and transformations. During the construction of public centers, free space under streets, avenues and squares is actively used, which increases the territory of the city center several times. Manezhny Shopping Center is an example of such underground construction.

I.A. PROKOFIEVA, Candidate of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Moscow Institute of Architecture (State Academy of Architecture) – MARKHI (11, Rozhdestvenka Street, Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation)

1. Bondarenko I.A. Krasnyaya ploschad [Red Square in Moscow]. Mоscow: Veche. 2006. 416 p.
2. Veksler A.G. Manezh i Manezhnaya ploshchad’ Moskvy [Manege and Manezhnaya Square of Moscow]. Moscow: Veche. 2012. 144 p.
3. Veksler A.G. Spasatel’naya arkheologiya Moskvy. Izbrannye stat’i i materialy [Rescue archeology of Moscow. Selected articles and materials]. Moscow: Veche. 2006. 320 p.
4. Gidion Z. Prostranstvo, vremya, arhitektura [Space, time, architecture]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1984. 455 p.
5. Prokofieva I.A., Khait V.L. Moscow passages – yesterday, today, tomorrow. Tradition and modernity. Architectura I stroitelstvo Moskvy. 2001. No. 1, pp. 18–23. (In Russian).
6. Yemets V.V. Public and commercial complexes in the historical centers of large cities. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2000. No. 11, pp. 9–12. (In Russian).
7. Yemets V.V. What will happen to commercial buildings in the foreseeable future? Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2004. No. 1, pp. 22–24. (In Russian).
8. Zhuravlev A. Central Department Store. New building. Review of a commercial building. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Moskvy. 1974. No. 11, pp. 14–17. (In Russian).
9. Zueva P.P. Torgovye zdaniya Moskvy sovetskogo perioda 1920–1980 [Commercial buildings of Moscow of the Soviet period 1920–1980]. Moscow: Architectura-S. 2006. 175 p.
10. Prokofieva I.A. From the history of urban planning. The first Moscow passages. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Moskvy. 1999. No. 6, pp. 44–48. (In Russian).
11. Prokofieva I.A. Public and commercial buildings in the structure of the historical center of Moscow and Paris. Principles of continuity and development. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 3, pp. 25–32. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-3-25-32
12. Prokofieva I.A. Merchant Modern G.V. Baranovsky. Zhilischnoe Stroitelstvo [Housing Construction]. 2010. No. 7, pp. 36–39. (In Russian).
13. Prokofieva I.A. Ilyinka. Architectura I stroitelstvo Moskvy. 2010. Vol. 549. No. 1, pp. 32–50. (In Russian).
14. Prokofieva I.A. The history of the trading house of the Economic society of officers on Vozdvizhenka. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 8, pp. 11–16. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-8-11-16
15. Panukhin P.V. Cooperation of Peter I and N. Witsen in positioning fortifications of the time of the First and Second Azov campaigns (To the 350th anniversary of the birth of Peter the Great). Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 8, pp. 3–10. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-8-3-10
16. Makarova O.V. Manezhnaya Square. Arkhitekturnyi vestnik. 1994. No. 2, pp. 12–13. (In Russian).
17. Nazarova L.S. Dreams of Manezhnaya Square: underground space as an environment-forming tool of urban planning. ACADEMIA. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2017. No. 4, pp. 125–129. (In Russian).

The construction of station complexes is carried out in an open way under the protection of various enclosing structures. There is a variety of pit fences that effectively prevent the displacement of the soil towards the workings in conjunction with the work of spacer systems. However, even with the correct design justification of the enclosing structures of open workings, this method of construction of underground and buried structures in any case has an impact on the surrounding buildings, structures and engineering communications. Assessment of the impact on the surrounding development from the production of works is an important task, since it is necessary to predict as accurately as possible additional movements of the soil mass outside the pit, and, in case of exceeding the maximum permissible values of buildings or structures, to develop effective emergency measures. In this article, the authors reviewed such factors of mathematical modeling in the Plaxis as a soil model, the scheme of computational modeling, the discretization of the finite element grid, modeling of stages of work, construction water reduction by wellpoints and an open drainage system, taking into account the strength and rigidity of contact elements. Additionally, the paper analyzes the methods of modeling the structural scheme of the building, studied the effect of the presence of a joint between the walls of the pit, compiled recommendations that can be taken into account when calculating the impact on buildings and structures from deep pits, and also noted the factors that have the greatest impact on the accuracy of calculations and the adequacy of the predicted results.

A.Z. TER-MARTIROSYAN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Vice-Rector (gic-mgsu @mail.ru);
V.P. KIVLYUK², Executive Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.O. ISAEV², Head of the Department (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.V. SHISHKINA^1,2, Postgraduate Student, Lead Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² Mosinzhproekt Joint Stock Company (10, Hodynsky Boulevard, Moscow, 125252, Russian Federation)

1. Petrukhin V.P., Kolybin I.V., Razvodovskii D.E. Ograzhdayushchie konstruktsii kotlovanov, metody stroitel’stva podzemnykh i zaglublennykh sooruzhenii [Enclosing structures of pits, methods of construction of underground and buried structures]. Moscow: Rossiiskaya arkhitekturno-stroitel’naya entsiklopediya. 2008, pp. 212–219.
2. Chunyuk D.Yu. Assessment and risk management in the construction of underground structures in pits. Vestnik MGSU. 2009. No. 3, pp. 120–123. (In Russian).
3. Shulyat’ev O.A., Minakov D.K. Technological settlements during the construction of a diaphragm wall. Vestnik PNIPU. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura. 2017. Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 41–50. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2017.3.05
4. Alirzaev E.I., Dement’eva M.E. Choice of technologies of ensuring exploitation suitability of buildings in the underground construction area. Vestnik MGSU. 2002. No. 3, pp. 452–461. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.3.452-461
5. Nikiforova N.S., Konnov A.V., Nguen Van Khoa, Prostotina L.A. Influence of Installing Cut-off Screens Executed According to the Jet Technology on Settling of Surrounding Development. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2009. No. 7, pp. 3–8. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-7-3-8
6. Il’ichev V.A., Nikiforova N.S., Gotman Yu.A., Tupi-kov M.M., Trofimov E.Yu. Analysis of the use of active and passive methods of protection of existing buildings in underground construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2013. No. 6, pp. 25–27. (In Russian).
7. Il’ichev V.A., Nikiforova N.S., Gotman Yu.A., Trofimov E.Yu. The Efficiencyof Active and Passive Methods for Protection of Thebuildings Surrounding the Area of Underground Construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2015. No. 6, pp. 11–15. (In Russian).
8. Reshendorfer Yu., Zhukov V.N., Maier K. Compensatory injection as a way to ensure the stability of buildings and structures during tunneling. Metro i tonneli. 2008. No. 4, pp. 26–28. (In Russian).
9. Luzin I.N. Calculation of the stress-strain state of the foundations in the process of compensatory injection. Stroitel’stvo I Architectura. 2020. Vol. 8. No. 1, pp. 33–38. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2020-8-1-33-38
10. Kivlyuk V.P., Isaev I.O., Alekseev V.A., Shishkina V.V. Application of compensatory injection technology to ensure the safety of surrounding buildings during the construction of station complexes. Geotechnica. 2021. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 56–66. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25296/2221-5514-2021-13-1-56-66
11. Demenkov P.A., Goldobina L.A., Trushko O.V. A method for predicting the deformation of the earth’s surface during the construction of pits in conditions of dense urban development using the “wall in the ground” method. Zapiski Gornogo instituta. 2018. Vol. 233, pp. 480–486. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31897/PMI.2018.5.480
12. Demenkov P.A., Trushko O.V., Komolov V.V. Prediction of subsidence of the earth’s surface during the construction of a pit near the building. Izvestiya TulGU. Nauki o zemle. 2019. No. 2, pp. 300–309. (In Russian).
13. Ter-Martirosyan A.Z., Cherkesov R.Kh., Isaev I.O., Grishin V.S. The impact of the foundation pit with additional transverse walls on the surrounding building and the assessment of the effectiveness of the measures under consideration. Stroitel’stvo and geotechnica. 2021. Vol. 12. No. 4, pp. 54–66. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2021.4.04
14. Kullingsjö A. Effects of deep excavations in soft clay on the immediate surroundings. 17-th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, ICSMGE 2009. Alexandria. Egypt. 2009. Vol. 3, pp. 1923–1930. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-1923
15. Stepanenko S.V. Studies of displacements of the wall of bored-secant piles during the construction of the pit. Zapiski Gornogo instituta. 2012. Vol. 199, pp. 196–198. (In Russian).
16. Schanz T., Vermeer P. A., Bonnier P. G. The hardening soil model: formulation and verification. In the book: Beyond 2000 in Computational Geotechnics. London: Routledge. 1999, pp. 281–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315138206-27
17. Karasev M.A., Potemkin D.A. Substantiation of the geomechanical model of the environment for the prediction of deformations of the soil massif in the surroundings of a deep pit. Zapiski Gornogo instituta. 2013. Vol. 204, pp. 263–268. (In Russian).
18. Protosenya A.G., Karasev M.A. Design of a numerical model for predicting deformations of a soil massif during the construction of a semi-buried structure in the ABAQUS. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2014. No. 2, pp. 2–6. (In Russian).
19. Ustinov D.V. Impact of the enclosing massif model selection over the results of subway tunnels excavation modelling. Geotechnica. 2018. Vol. 10, No. 5–6, pp. 34–41. (In Russian).
20. Mirnyi A.Yu., Ter-Martirosyan A.Z. Applications of modern mechanical soil models. Geotechnica. 2017. No. 1, pp. 20–26. (In Russian).
21. Golubev A.I., Seletskii A.V. Selection of the soil model and its parameters in the calculations of geotechnical objects. NIP-Informatika. 2010. http://www.nipinfor.ru/publications/10063/ (Date of access 14.09.2022). (In Russian).
22. Gouw T.-L. Common mistakes on the application of Plaxis 2D in analyzing excavation problems. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 2014. Vol. 9, pp. 8291–8311.
23. Finno R.J., Blackburn J.T., Roboski J.F. Three-dimensional effects for supported excavations in clay. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2007. Vol. 133, No. 1, pp. 30–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:1(30)
24. Der-Guey Lin, Siu-Mun Woo. Three-dimensional analysis of deep excavations in Taipei 101 Construction Project. Journal of GeoEngineering. 2007. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 29–41.
25. Junbin T., Xiangyi Z., Yang S., Guojian S. Analysis of pit corner effect of special-shaped foundation pit of subway station. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science. 2020. Vol. 558, No. 3, pp. 032032. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/558/3/032032/pdf (Date of access 14.09.2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/558/3/032032
26. Pospekhov V.S. Investigation of the angular effect of the construction of the pit fence. Vestnik PNIPU. 2014. No. 2, pp. 238–248. (In Russian).
27. Kim H.L., Zubaidah I., Roslan H., 2016. 3D finite element analysis of a deep excavation considering the effect of anisotropic wall stiffness. Conference: 19th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2016.
28. Roboski J. F. Three-Dimensional Effects for Supported Excavations in Clay. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 2007. Vol. 133, Iss. 1. DOI: DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:1(30)
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32. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G., Vanina Yu.V. The stress-strain state of the soil body in the quarter plane subjected to the strip load. Vestnik MGSU. 2020. Vol. 15. No. 11, pp. 1505–1512. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2020.11.1505-1512
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Under the conditions of distribution of a large thickness of weak or unstructured soils, the excavation of the pit leads to the fact that 15–75% of the piles receive excess horizontal deviations of the heads. The results of statistical analysis for 10317 piles, performed in pile fields at sixteen construction sites in the cities of St. Petersburg, Perm and Volgograd, are presented. It is noted that the frequency distribution of the values of deviations of piles in the horizontal plane obeys the normal law. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that, in general, the amount of pile displacement is influenced by: the time the piles are in the slope, the characteristics of the cut soils and their tendency to softening, the excavation technology. It is proposed to divide the final displacement of the pile into displacements caused by the implementation of new piles, excavation and their presence in the zone of landslide pressure for a long time. The effectiveness of opening the pit with grippers with a capacity of up to 2 m with a change in the direction of movement of equipment is substantiated. Recommendations are given on the design and calculation of grillages, taking into account the possible deviation of pile heads.

R.A. MANGUSHEV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.S. KOLESNIK, Postgraduate (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)

1. Mangushev R.A., Dyakonov I.P. Limits of Practical Application of “Fundex” Piles under Conditions of Weak Soils. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 9, pp. 3–8. (In Russian).
2. Mecsi J. Geotechnical engineering examples and solutions using the cavity expanding theory. Hungarian Geotechnical Society. 2013. 221 p.
3. Vershinin V.P., Gaido A.N., Sergeev Yu.O. On displacements of pile foundation elements at digging of pits. Geotekhnika. 2016. No. 1, pp. 32–39. (In Russian).
4. Paramonov V.N. Horizontal displacements of piles during pit excavation. Geotekhnika. 2018. No. 4, pp. 45–57. (In Russian).
5. Kolesnik D.S., Mangushev R.A. To assess the horizontal displacement of piles caused by excavation of the soil of the pit. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. 2020. No. 1, pp. 73–85. DOI: 10.22337/2587-9618-2020-16-1-73-85
6. Morareskul N.N. Horizontal pressure of weak soil on piles under local load on the surface. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 1978, pp. 73–78. (In Russian).
7. Shashkin A.G., Shatskii A.A. Influence of Replacement Bored Piles on Deformation of Water Saturated Clayey Soils. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2017. No. 12, pp. 15–22. (In Russian).
8. Gandel’sman A.I., Gandel’sman I.A. Researhes reasons for the displacement piles in the foundations of residental. Fundamentals of innovative development of science and education collection of articles of the VI International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2019, pp. 45–50. (In Russian).
9. Maslov A.E., Muginova D.V. Stress-strain state of the soil during the mass installation of displacement piles. Scientific and practical electronic journal of Original Research (ORIS). 2022. No. 4, pp. 329–345. https://ores.su/es/journals/oris-jrn/2022-oris-4-2022/a230591 (Date of access 23.08.2022). (In Russian).
10. Ong D.E.L., Leung C.F., Chow Y.K. Effect of limiting soil pressure on pile group adjacent to a failed excavation. Geotekhnika. 2011. No 6, pp. 52–59. (In Russian).
11. Ilyichyov V.A., Mangushev R.A. Spravochnik geotekhnika. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i podzemnye sooruzheniya [Geotechnical engineer’s reference book. Bases, foundations and underground structures]. Moscow: ASV. 2016. 1040 p.
12. Fursa V.M. Otchet po sostavleniyu obobshchennoi karty inzhenerno-geologicheskogo raionirovaniya territorii Leningrada i Lesoparkovoi zony (dlya podzemnogo stroitel’stva): Shifr 378–78 (33) Trest GRII [Report on composition of a general map for engineering and geological zoning of the territory of Leningrad and the forest and parkland zones (for underground construction). Leningrad: Trust of Geodetic Works and Engineering Surveys]. 1978.
13. Morareskul N.N., Zavarzin L.G. Opyt tipizatsii osnovanii i fundamentov v raionakh massovoi zastroiki: nauchnoe izdanie [Experience in typification of bases and foundations in areas of large-scale housing development: scientific publication] Leningrad.: Leningrad House of Science and Technology Promotion. 1984. 32 p.
14. Sotnikov S.N., Al Khuzaie H.M.A. Izmenenie parametrov soprotivleniya sdvigu pri vyshchelachivanii gipsa iz grunta v zavisimosti ot soderzhaniya gipsa. [Changes in shear resistance during gypsum leaching from soil depending on the gypsum content] 56th International Technical Conference of Young Scientists Students, PhD Students, and Second Doctorate Students. 2003. (In Russian).
15. Mangushev R.A., Boyarintsev A.V., Zuev I.I., Kamaev I.S. Effect of the Impact of Making “Fundex” Piles on Previously Completed Structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 9. pp. 28–35. DOI: 10.31659/0044-4472-2021-9-28-35 (In Russian).

The results of applying the method of electromagnetic pulse ultra-wideband (EMP UWB) sounding when assessing the depth of pile driving are presented. In the proposed method, a generator is used as a transmitter, made using the technology of drift diodes with a sharp recovery, when emitting a powerful pulsed electromagnetic field of nanosecond duration and a transmitting microstrip antenna. A microstrip antenna (similar to the transmitting one) of the meter (m-) wavelength range and a monopole antenna of the decimeter (dm-) range are used as receiving antennas. The receiver is a digital oscilloscope R&S RTH1004 with a dynamic range of 134 dB in voltage. Receiving antennas are matched with the underlying environment by voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) ≤1.85 in the frequency range 0.1–700 MHz. The large depth of propagation of the EMP UWB signal is based on the manifestation of low-frequency dispersion of the relative permittivity of the medium, the presence of which is due to the induced polarization with a dipole-relaxation mechanism under the influence of a strong EMP UWB field with parameters E~100 V/cm, H~1.56 A/cm (in GPR – E~1.6 V/cm, H~0.03 A/cm). Unlike the traditional GPR, which is an indicator device, the complex has a distinctive feature – a high level of metrological support: measurement of the parameters of the pulse and the emitted pulse; measurement of the parameters of matching antennas with the underlying environment (VSWR, active and reactive antenna resistance); measurement of the amplitude - frequency response of the receiver. In addition to the immersion depth, the location of the pile is determined if it is not possible to visualize it, its technical condition and the type of pile (bored or shell pile).

V.B. BOLTINTSEV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Deputy Director for research and development (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.N. ILYAKHIN¹, Engineer(This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
M.V. EFANOV², Director of Innovation Developments Development,(This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ LLC NPF “Geodizond”, (14, bldg. 6, Yuri Gagarin Avenue, St. Petersburg, 196211, Russian Federation)
² JSC “PK” FID-Tekhnika” (68, Toreza Avenue, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russian Federation)

1. Spravochnik sovremennogo izyskatelya. Pod obshch. red. L. R. Mailyana [Handbook of the modern prospector. Under the general editorship of L. R. Mailyan]. Rostov-on-Don: Fenix. 2006. 590 p.
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13. Volkomirskaya L.B., Gulevich O.A., Lyakhov G.A., Reznikov A.E. Georadiolocation of great depths. Zhurnal radioelektroniki. 2019. No. 4. (In Russian).
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15. Boltintsev V.B. Influence of the frequency dispersion of the dielectric permittivity of the underlying medium on the design of a wire antenna designed for its sounding. X All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference “Radar and radio communication”. Moscow: IRE RAN, 2016. Vol. I, pp. 80–84.
16. Jaynes E.T. On the logical justification of the maximum entropy method. TIIER. Vol. 70. No. 9, pp. 33–51.
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The territory of permafrost soils distribution occupies a large part of the territory of Russia, therefore, expanding the possibilities of using these regions for the development of industrial construction is an important strategic task for the state. Today, in accordance with the Strategy for Spatial Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025, the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is a priority region in terms of economic growth and strategic influence. In the design, construction and further operation of buildings and structures on permafrost soils, the most urgent task is to ensure the reliability of the soil foundation. In this regard, the choice of structural, technological and organizational solutions for industrial construction, first of all, the forecast of deformability, measures to ensure the stability of the soil base and the development of rational organizational schemes for their implementation, should be economically feasible, optimal or close to optimal for a particular engineering structure and the region of its location. The possibility of using the technology of jet cementation of soil in the main mode and in the mode of high-pressure injection for the construction of artificial bases in thawed permafrost soils is considered.

S.S. ZUEV¹, Deputy General Director,
E.M. KAMENSKIKH¹, Leading Specialist;
O.A. MAKOVETSKY², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ JSC “New Ground” (35, Kronshtadskaya Street, Perm, 614081, Russian Federation)
² Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky Prospect, Perm, 614000, Russian Federation)

1. Tsytovich N.A. Mekhanika merzlykh gruntov [Mechanics of frozen soils]. Moscow: Librkom. 2009. 445 p.
2. Vyalov S.S. Reologiya merzlykh gruntov [Rheology of frozen soils]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 2000. 463 p.
3. Surikov V.V. Mekhanika razrusheniya merzlykh gruntov [Mechanics of destruction of frozen soils]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat. 1978. 128 p.
4. Mazurov G.P. Fiziko-mekhanicheskie svoistva merzlykh gruntov [Physico-mechanical properties of frozen soils]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat. 1975. 130 p.
5. Andersland O.B., Ladanyi V. Frozen Ground Engineering. USA: ASCE. 2003. 384 p.
6. Stuart A. Harris, Anatoli Brouchkov, Cheng Guodong Geocryology. Characteristics and Use of Frozen Ground and Permafrost Landforms. CRC Press. 2018. 800 p.
7. Kudryavtsev S. A., Sakharov I. I., Paramonov V. N. Promerzanie i ottaivanie gruntov (prakticheskie primery i konechno-elementnye raschety) [Freezing and thawing of soils (practical examples and finite element calculations)]. Saint Petersburg: Georeconstruction. 2014. 248 p.
8. Vasiliev V.I., Vasilyeva M.V., Sirditov I.K., Stepanov S.P., Tseeva A.N. Mathematical modeling of the temperature regime of the soils of the foundations in the conditions of permafrost rocks. Vestnik MGTU im. N.E. Baumana. Ser. Estestvennye nauki. 2017. No. 1, pp. 142–159. (In Russian).
9. Kutvitskaya N. A., Minkin M. A. Designing bases and foundations of facilities for the development of oil and gas condensate fields in complex permafrost-soil conditions. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2014. No. 1, pp. 21–25. (In Russian).
10. Lutsky S.Ya., Shepitko T.V., Cherkasov A.M., Liu J. Development of research of geotechnical structures in the cryolithozone. Put’ i putevoe khozyaistvo. 2014. No. 6, pp. 30–33. (In Russian).
11. Khazin B.G., Goncharov B.V. On the use of ultrasound in assessing the strength of frozen soils during their development. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 1974. No. 2, pp. 10–14. (In Russian).
12. Vodolazkin, V.M. Puti povysheniya nesushchei sposobnosti slabykh ottayavshikh i talykh gruntov. Merzlotnye issledovaniya i voprosy stroitel’stva [Ways to increase the bearing capacity of weak thawed and thawed soils. Permafrost studies and construction issues]. Komi: Book Publishing House. 1971. Iss. IV, pp. 38–42.
13. Stoyanovich G.M., Shiparev R.G. Soil consolidation using cryotropic geological formation in road construction. Izvestia PGUPS. 2017. No. 4, pp. 759–767. (In Russian).
14. Shepitko T.V., Artyushenko I.A., Dolgov P.G. Reinforcement of foundation soils with vertical columns of crushed stone in the cryolithozone. Mir transporta. 2019. Vol. 17. No. 4, pp. 68–78. (In Russian).
15. Sakharov I. I., Zakharov A. E. Experience of high-pressure injection into plastic-frozen soils. Rekonstruktsiya gorodov i geotekhnicheskoe stroitel’stvo. 2004. No. 8, pp. 168–171. (In Russian).
16. Makovetskiy O., Zuev S. Practice device artificial improvement basis of soil technologies jet grouting. Procedia Engineering. 2016. Vol. 165, pp. 504–509.
17. Makovetskiy O.A., Rubtsova S.S. Features of the application of Jet grouting technology in permafrost soils. Fundamenty. 2022. No. 1, pp. 6–7. (In Russian).
18. Maksimova I.N., Makridin N.I., Erofeev V.T., Sachkov Yu.P. Struktura i konstruktsionnaya prochnost’ tsementnykh kompozitov [Structure and structural strength of cement composites]. Moscow: DIA. 2017. 400 p.
19. Bondarenko V.M., Fedorov V.S. Models for solving technical problems. Prospects for the development of the construction complex. Materials of the VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. Astrakhan. 2014, pp. 262–267. (In Russian).

The results of monitoring and numerical calculation during the phased production of “zero” cycle works at the reconstruction facility in the conditions of dense historical development of the central part of St. Petersburg are presented. Based on the materials of observations, the technological influence of the Jet-diaphragm arrangement on the enclosure of the pit has been established – under the influence of soil consolidation work, the stress-strain state of the “wall in the ground” changes. It is established that before the beginning of the main stages of the “zero” cycle, the structure receives initial efforts and displacements in the direction “from the pit”, which determine the subsequent nature of the fence work. As the excavation is being developed and the structures of the underground part of the building are being erected, there is some redistribution of the received efforts and movements, but their maximum values remain at the mark of the location of the deep Jet diaphragm, which differs from the results of numerical modeling performed without taking into account the technological impact of the work on fixing the soil.

R.A. MANGUSHEV¹, Corresponding Member of RAAC, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
O.O. DENISOVA², Chief Designer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)
² LLC “Bureau of Expertise and Improvement of Design Solutions St. Petersburg” (113, Lit. A, Fontanka River Embankment, Saint Petersburg, 190031, Russian Federation)

1. Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. ekhnologicheskie osadki zdanii i sooruzhenii v zone vliyaniya podzemnogo stroitel’stva [Technological precipitation of buildings and structures in the zone of influence of underground construction]. Moscow: ASV. 2017. 168 p.
2. Ulitsky V.M., Shashkin A.G., Shashkin K.G. Gid po geotekhnike (putevoditel’ po osnovaniyam, fundamentam i podzemnym sooruzheniyam) [Guide to geotechnics (guide to foundations, foundations and underground structures)]. Moscow: PI ”Georekonstruktsiya”. 2012. 288 p.
3. Ermolaev V.A., Matsegora A.G., Osokin A.I., Ivanishchev V.B., Bezrodny K.P., Maslak V.A. Technological features of soil consolidation in the geological conditions of the densely built-up part of St. Petersburg. Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnics. Saint Petersburg. 2010. Vol. 5, pp. 1825–1829. (In Russian).
4. Malinin A.G. Struinaya tsementatsiya gruntov [Jet cementation of soils]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 2010. 226 p.
5. Jahiro T., Joshida H. The characteristics of high speed water jet in the liquid and its utilization on induction grouting method. II International symposium on jet cutting technology. Cambridge. 1974, pp. 441–462.
6. Burke G.K., Koeling M.A. Special application for jet grouting: underpinning, excavation support and ground water control. Proceeding of Canadian Geotechnical Conference. Vancouver. 1995.
7. Kutzner C. Grouting of rock and soil. Rotterdam: BookPublisher A.A. Balkema, 1996. 271 p.
8. Garassino A. Design Procedures for Jet-Grouting. Seminar on jet grouting. Singapore. 1997, pp. 15–48.
9. Bringiotti M., Bottero D. Consolidamenti & Fondazioni. Guida alle moderne metodologie di stqabiluzzazione e rinforzo dei terreni. Parma. 1999.
10. Khasin M.F., Malyshev L.I., Broyd I.I. Jet technology of soil strengthening. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 1984. No. 5, pp. 10–12. (In Russian).
11. Gladkov I.L., Zhemchugov A.A., Malinin D.A. Technology of jet cementation of soils in conditions of dense urban development. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2013. No. 9, pp. 6–9. (In Russian).
12. Gotman Yu.A. Determination of the optimal dimensions of the grunt-cement array that reduces the movement of fences of deep pits. Cand. Diss. (Engineering). Moscow. 2011. 186 p. (In Russian).
13. Gutovsky V.E., Mangushev R.A., Konyushkov V.I. Determination of strength characteristics of a ground-cement array made using Jet grouting technology in engineering-geological conditions. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2010. No. 2, pp. 69–76. (In Russian).
14. Ilyichev V.A., Gotman Yu.A. Calculation of a ground-cement array to reduce the movement of the fence by the optimal design method. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2011. No. 4, pp. 17–25. (In Russian).
15. Kashevarova G.G., Khusainov I.I., Makovetsky O.A. Comparative analysis of experimental and calculated deformations of a soil massif fixed by jet cementation. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. 2012. No. 2, pp. 126–132 (In Russian).
16. Chernyakov A.V. Application of jet cementation of soils in conditions of historical development. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2011. No. 9, pp. 24–26. (In Russian).

The article highlights an architectural project that is conceptually important for the modern geopositioning of Russia, which in its meaning and image is the “front gate of the Crimea”. This is a project for the reconstruction of the ensemble of the unique Kerch Fortress, located 200 meters from the Crimean Bridge and built by the famous military engineer Eduard Totleben in the second half of the 19th century. The functional zones of the ensemble, the historical and restored objects included in it (including the Church of St. Blgv. Prince Alexander Nevsky) are presented and also the building structures and materials used in their construction are described. The creation of a large-scale ensemble with a large vertical of the restored temple at the entrance to the territory of Crimea from the side of the Crimean bridge, which will symbolize the power and unity of the Russian territory and will become the image of the front “Gate of Crimea”, is substantiated.

P.V. PANUKHIN, Candidate of Architecture (Engineering)

Moscow Institute of Architecture (State Academy of Architecture) – MARKHI (11, Rozhdestvenka Street, Moscow, 107031, Russian Federation)

1. Panukhin P.V. Totleben. K 200-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya [Totleben. To the 200th anniversary of his birth]. Moscow: Architectura-S. 2018. Vol. 1. 406 p.
2. Panukhin P.V. Totleben. Krepost’ Kerch’ [Totleben. Fortress Kerch]. Moscow: Architectura-C. 2018. Vol. 2. 464 p.
3. Belik Yu.L. Krepost’ Kerch’ [Fortress of Kerch]. Kerch: Ignatov K.E. 2017. 143 p.
4. Panukhin P.V. Prostranstvo i vremya na kartakh Kryma [Space and time on maps of the Crimea]. Moscow: Architectura-S. 2020. 455 p.
5. Yakovlev V.V. Evolyutsiya dolgovremennoi fortifikatsii [Evolution of long-term fortification]. Moscow: Voenizdat. 1937.
6. Tikhonov I.N., Meshkov V.Z., Rastorguev B.S. Proektirovanie armirovaniya zhelezobetona [Design of reinforced concrete reinforcement]. Moscow: AO “TsITP”. 2015. 276 p.

The construction of buildings and structures in the areas of distribution of weak water-saturated clay soils requires the improvement of their building properties by creating transformed foundations, for example, using crushed stone pillars. The creation of vertical pillars of crushed stone makes it possible to compact the surrounding soil, reducing its moisture and, thereby, increasing the deformation and strength characteristics of the base before the start of construction. This technology has become widespread in the world practice of soil improvement and has been applied at a number of Russian construction sites in thawed soils. The study of the use of crushed stone pillars for the transformation of soils in the cryolithozone is relevant. The aim was to study the features of the temperature regime of the improved base and its effect on the surrounding permafrost soils. The numerical method in the Frost 3D software was used to model the temperature state of the improved weak loamy base and the surrounding soil mass, taking into account the thermal influence of the building and climate warming for the weather conditions of Yakutsk. The thermal regime of the open ventilated space under a building with a shallow foundation was set. Modeling has shown that the improvement of the base by the crushed stone pillars has a noticeable effect on the temperature distribution in the improved base and the surrounding soil mass: there is a decrease in the temperature of the base and the surrounding soil in the cold period and an increase in the warm period, the thickness of the active layer increases. To prevent an increase in the thickness of the seasonally thawed layer in the improvement zone, it’s recommended to construct a sand embankment.

V.A. ILYICHEV¹, Academician of RAACS, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
N.S. NIKIFOROVA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.V. KONNOV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (19, Noviy Arbat, Moscow, 127025, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoye Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
³ Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (NIISF RAACS) (21, Lokomotivny Driveway, Moscow 127238, Russian Federation)

1. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G., Ter-Martirosyan A.Z., Angelo G.O. Interaction of gravel piles with the surrounding soil and raft. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2019. No. 3, pp. 2–6. (In Russian).
2. Pivarč J. Stone columns – determination of the soil improvement factor. Slovak journal of civil engineering. 2011. Vol. XIX. No. 3, pp. 17–21.
3. Castro J. Modeling Stone Columns. Materials. 2017. No. 10 (7), p. 23.
4. Chen J.-F., Li L.-Y., Xue J.-F., Feng S.-Z. Failure mechanism of geosynthetic-encased stone columns in soft soils under embankment. Geotext. Geomembr. 2015. No. 43, pp. 424–431.
5. Becker P., Karstunen M. Volume averaging technique in numerical modelling of floating deep mixed columns in soft soils. In Installation Effects in Geotechnical Engineering. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013, pp. 198–204.
6. Degen W., Dolgov P.G. The use of stone and sand piles to strengthen the weak soils in the base of transport structures. Modern problems of railway track design, construction and operation. Proceedings of the XIV International Scientific and Technical Conference. Readings dedicated to the memory of professor G.M. Shakhunyants. Moscow. 2017, pp. 73–74. (In Russian).
7. Shepitko T.V., Artyushenko I.A. The influence of vertical columns of crushed stone on the cryogenic processes of the soil base of the subgrade. Transportnye sooruzheniya. 2019. No. 4, p. 11. (In Russian).
8. Artyushenko I.A. Reinforcement of the base of the soilbed with vertical columns of crushed stone in areas with permafrost soils. Cand. Diss. (Engineering). Moscow. 2020. 175 p. (In Russian).
9. Ilyichev V.A., Nikiforova N.S., Konnov A.V. Forecast of changes in the temperature state of the building base in climate warming. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Construction Materials]. 2021. No. 6, pp. 18–24. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-6-18-24
10. Nikiforova N.S., Konnov A.V. Forecast of the soil deformations and decrease of the bearing capacity of pile foundations operating in the cryolithozone. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering. 2022. No. 18 (1), pp. 141–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2022-18-1-141-150
11. Ilyichev V.A. Perspektivy razvitiya poselenii Severa v sovremennykh usloviyakh [Prospects for the development of settlements in the North in modern conditions]. Moscow: Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences. 2003. 151 p.
12. Khanakov S.A. Digital prototype of the composite soil base of the Arctic foundations for the cluster site of oil wells. Proceedings of the IV International Scientific and practical Conference “Modern technologies of engineering investigations, design and construction on permafrost soils”. Moscow. 2021, pp. 112–116. (In Russian).
13. Shkolnik I.M., Efimov S.V. A new generation regional climate model for Northern Eurasia. Trudy Glavnoi geofizicheskoi observatorii im. A.I. Voeikova. 2015. Iss. 576, pp. 201–211. (In Russian)
14. Kattsov V.M. Development of a technique for regional climate probabilistic projections over the territory of Russia aimed at building scenarios of climate impacts on economy sectors. Part 1. Task definition and numerical experiments. Trudy Glavnoi geofizicheskoi observatorii im. A.I. Voeikova. 2016. Iss. 583, pp. 7–29. (In Russian)
15. Kattsov V.M. Development of a technique for regional climate probabilistic projections over the territory of Russia aimed at building scenarios of climate impacts on economy sectors. Part 2. Climate impact projections. Trudy Glavnoi geofizicheskoi observatorii im. A.I. Voeikova. 2019. Iss. 593, pp. 6–52. (In Russian)

A comprehensive analysis of main parameters characterizing interaction of reinforced concrete foundation and sand base, based on the results of the conducted tray tests of experimental slabs with dimensions of 220.2 m, is presented. Description of the equipment used and test procedure are given. Influence on soil deformation modulus by research method o is considered. Analysis of slab deflection and contact pressure depending of plastic slab and soil deformations are carried out. Slab destruction type by punching is described. Article contains vertical and horizontal stresses, layer deformations which compere with elasticity theory results. Conclusions and recommendations for taking into account parameters in foundation design are given.

V.I. TRAVUSH¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor;
S.O. SHULYAT’EV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.U. BAUKOV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ ZAO «Gorproject» (5, Niznyi Susal’nyi lane, Moscow 105064, Russian Federation)
² JSC «Research Center of Construction», NIIOSP named after N.M. Gersevanov (6, 2nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow 109428, Russian Federation)
³ LLC «USM-Inginiring» (1, Treugolnaj sq, Obninsk 249037, Russian Federation)

1. Citovich N.A. Mekhanika gruntov [Soil mechanics]. Moscow: GSI. 1963. 638 p. (In Russian).
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