A huge increase in the number of urban residents will be one of the main motivating reasons for designing smart cities. The urbanization of new territories does not always occur in an organized and thoughtful manner, it is often spontaneous in nature and the applied solutions lead to subsequent difficulties. Modern examples of the implementation of “smart cities of the future” are considered, their similarities and features are revealed, historical prerequisites and examples of “ideal cities” are analyzed, as well as an attempt to assume the future influence of these cities on the development of urban technologies. The creation of new “smart” cities is a rather rare phenomenon that is experimental in nature, but demonstrating the positive results of implementing high-tech urban solutions will help spread these ideas and show their positive impact. Also, these may be not only examples of independent new cities, but also new or reconstructed areas of existing cities.

E.R. NIZAMIEVA, Architect, Graduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering(1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420124, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation)

1. Romanova A.Yu. Transformation of the idea: from the “ideal city” to the “city of the future». Arhitektura i sovremennye informacionnye tekhnologii. 2015. No. 1, pp. 1–21. (In Russian).
2. Romanova A.Yu. Features of the current projects of the “cities of the future». Academia. Arhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2015. No. 1, pp. 65–78. (In Russian).
3. Kochurov B.I., Ivashkina I.V., Fomina N.V., Lobkovskaya L.G. Principles and examples of the development of a modern city as a complex urban-ecological-social system. Gradostroitel’stvo i planirovanie sel’skih naselennyh punktov. 2018. No. 3, pp. 83–89. (In Russian). DOI: 10.24411/1816-1863-2018-13083
4. Gorodishcheva A.N. Techno-attractors in the design of cities. Tambov: Gramota. Filosofiya. 2018. No. 12. Part. 1, pp. 84–88. (In Russian). DOI: org/10.30853/manuscript.2018-12-1.18
5. Sidorova V.V., Sorokina N.A. Biopositive technologies as a basis for the development of a sustainable urban environment. Stroitel’stvo i tekhnogennaya bezopasnost’. 2018. No. 10, pp. 28–40. (In Russian).
6. Kucherov Yu.N., Bushuev V.V., Ivanov A.V., Korev D.A., Utz S.A., Shikhina A.V. К Complex development of new technologies of energy saving Smart Cities. Okruzhayushchaya sreda i energovedenie. 2019. No. 3, pp. 49–69. (In Russian). DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3539123
7. Tetior A.N. “Smart” urban planning in the age of global impact changes and scientific and technological revolution. Nauki Evropy. 2020. No. 54, pp. 3–10. (In Russian).

The history of the formation of the Russian higher school in the 1920s is outlined from the position of the foundation of the Kuban Agricultural Institute. Special attention is paid to the definition of the term «education». The architectural-planning and artistic-aesthetic solutions of the original building of the specified educational institution are highlighted. It is noted that the project was developed by the Ekaterinodar city architect I.K. Malgerb, who made a great contribution to the development of the city. The description of the formation of the architectural and urban planning environment in the subsequent periods of the formation of the institute as a university on a new designated territory is given. The town-planning value of the university complex on Kalinin Street in the spatial structure of Krasnodar is substantiated. A certain importance is given to the harmonious combination of architectural objects of the Kuban State Agrarian University with the surrounding natural and artificial landscape. A significant place is dedicated to the unique cultural and historical potential in terms of architectural heritage.

O.S. SUBBOTIN, Doctor Architecture, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin (13, Kalinin Street, Krasnodar, 350044, Russian Federation)

1. Gorlova I.I., Manaenkov A.I., Lyakh V.I. Kul’tura Kubanskikh stanits 1794–1917 gg. [Culture of the Kuban villages 1794–1917]. Krasnodar: Southern Star. 1993. 129 p.
2. Yekaterinodar–Krasnodar: Dva veka goroda v datakh, sobytiyakh, vospominaniyakh: materialy k Letopisi [Yekaterinodar–Krasnodar: Two centuries of the city in dates, events, memories: materials for the Chronicle]. Krasnodar. 1993. 800 p.
3. Bardadym V.P. Zodchiye Yekaterinodara [Architects of Yekaterinodar]. Krasnodar: Soviet Kuban. 1995. 113 p.
4. Subbotin O.S. Problems of preservation of architectural and town-planning heritage in the conditions of a modern city (on the example of Krasnodar). Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 7, pp. 35–40. (In Russian).
5. Aguf M.M., Russakovsky M.E. Kompozitsiya i otdelka fasadov. Krupnopanel’nyye zhilyye doma [Composition and decoration of facades. Large-panel residential buildings]. Kiev: Budivelnik. 1969. 191 p.
6. Lazarev A.G. Iskusstvo arkhitektoniki [The art of architectonics]. Rostov-on-Don. 2011. 225 p.
7. Subbotin O.S. History of the architecture of Orthodox churches of the Black Sea coast of Russia. Zhilishnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Сonstruction]. 2013. No. 10, pp. 18–22. (In Russian).
8. Kubanskiy ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni sel’skokhozyaystvennyy institut (1922–1982) [Kuban Agricultural Institute of the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1922–1982)]. Edited by V.V. Eroshkina. Krasnodar: Kubanskiy Agricultural Institute. 1982. 101 p. (In Russian).
9. Krasnodarskomu krayu – 65 let. Stranitsy istorii v dokumentakh Arkhivnogo fonda Kubani: Istoriko-dokumental’nyy al’bom [Krasnodar Territory is 65 years old. Pages of history in the documents of the Kuban Archive Fund: Historical and documentary album]. Responsible compiler A.A. Alekseeva, A.M. Belyaev, I.Yu. Bondar’. Krasnodar: Edvi. 2002. 379 p.
10. Subbotin O.S. Innovative materials and technologies in public buildings in Sochi. Zhilishnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Сonstruction]. 2016. No. 11, pp. 29–34. (In Russian).
11. Kudryavtsev A.P., Stepanov A.V., Metlenkov N.F. Volchok Yu.P. Arkhitekturnoye obrazovaniye [Architectural education]. Moscow: Editorial URSS. 2009. 162 p.
12. Subbotin O.S. The architecture of Orthodox churches at higher educational institutions. Zhilishnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Сonstruction]. 2018. No. 1–2, pp. 10–15.

During the manufacturing, transportation, installation and operation of reinforced concrete bendable elements, various defects and damages may occur, such as normal cracks in the stretched zone and local horizontal cracks in the concrete of the compressed zone. Cracks are formed as a result of a violation of manufacturing technology or normal operating conditions of structures, as well as due to the combined action of loads and adverse external factors. The main issue arising as a result of numerous surveys and technical diagnostics of the structures of buildings and facilities in operation is the need to assess the actual stress-strain state of reinforced concrete bendable elements with defects and damages. The purpose of the presented study is to improve the methodology for calculating reinforced concrete beams with cracks. Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to study the effects of various types of cracks on the stress-strain state of the structure. To establish the effect of defects on the bearing capacity and deformations of reinforced concrete bendable elements, a physical experiment and numerical studies of beams with normal and horizontal cracks were carried out. At the same time, control samples of beams without defects and damages with similar geometric dimensions, rebar class and diameter, and concrete class were manufactured and tested. Experimental samples were tested before destruction as single-span beams loaded with two concentrated forces. As part of the numerical experiment, the simulation of reinforced concrete beams with various cracks and the study of their stress-strain state using the software package “SCAD Office” were carried out. The results of physical and numerical experiments are presented. The analysis of the influence of various cracks and their parameters on the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams, with varying values of concrete strength and cross-section reinforcement coefficient, is presented.

M.A. ORLOVA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
L.Yu. GNEDINA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
А.М. IBRAGIMOV², Doctor of Sciences (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Ivanovo State Polytechnic University (21, Sheremetyevo Avenue, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Aloyan R.M., Ibragimov A.M., Lopatin A.N., Gushchin A.V. Monitoring of the state of zero-cycle structures of a multi-storey residential building after a long break. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 2, pp. 28–30. (In Russian).
2. Ibragimov A.M., Lopatin A.N., Gushchin A.V., Vinograi E.A. Technical diagnostics of the zero cycle of a 17-storey residential building with parking in Ivanovo. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 1–2, pp. 48–51. (In Russian).
3. Ibragimov A.M., Semenov A.S. Dependence between physical wear and technical condition of elements of buildings of housing stock. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2014. No. 7, pp. 53. (In Russian).
4. Ibragimov A.M., Lopatin A.N.A.N., Gushchin A.V. Constructive solutions and technical diagnostics of the NARPIT building. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2008. No. 9, pp. 39–41. (In Russian).
5. Fedosov S.V., Ibragimov A.M., Gushchin A.V. The effect of heat and moisture treatment on the strength of reinforced concrete enclosing structures and products. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2006. No. 9, pp. 7–8. (In Russian).
6. Orlova M.A. Tests of reinforced concrete beams with initial cracks. Part 1. Setting up and conducting an experiment. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2010. No. 8, pp. 39–42. (In Russian).
7. Orlova M.A. Testing of reinforced concrete beams with initial cracks. Part 2. The results of the experiment. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2010. No. 9, pp. 38–42. (In Russian).
8. Orlova M.A. Experimental studies of the strength of reinforced concrete beams with cracks. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 12, pp. 33–37. (In Russian).
9. Tamrazyan A.G., Orlova M.A. Experimental studies of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete bent elements with cracks. Modern problems of calculation of reinforced concrete structures, buildings and structures for emergency impacts: collection of reports of the International Scientific Conference. Moscow: NIU MGSU. 2016, pp. 507–514. (In Russian).
10. Tamrazyan A.G., Orlova M.A. Experimental studies of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete bending elements with cracks. Vestnik TGASU. 2015. No. 6, pp. 98–105. (In Russian).
11. Tamrazyan A.G., Orlova M.A. o the residual bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams with cracks. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 6, pp. 32–34. (In Russian).
12. Orlova M.A. Reinforced concrete beams with initial normal cracks in the stretched zone. The information environment of the university. Materials of the XXIV International Scientific and Technical Conference. Ivanovo: IVGPU. 2017, pp. 359–362. (In Russian).
13. Tamrazyan A.G., Orlova M.A. On the question of the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams with initial defects. Modern methods of calculation of reinforced concrete and stone structures by limiting conditions: collection of reports of the International scientific and practical conference “Loleitov readings-150”. Moscow: MISI–MGSU. 2018, pp. 423–428. (In Russian).
14. Orlova M.A. Method of calculating the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams with initial cracks. Engineering and Social systems: Collection of scientific papers of the Institute of Civil Engineering of the IVSPU. Ivanovo. 2018. Iss. 3, pp. 27–31. (In Russian).
15. Orlova M.A. Calculation of reinforced concrete bendable elements with initial cracks using empirical coefficients. Engineering and Social systems: Collection of scientific papers of the Institute of Civil Engineering of the IVSPU. Ivanovo. 2018. Iss. 3, pp. 31–34. (In Russian).
16. Orlova M.A. Bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams with normal and horizontal cracks. Engineering and Social Systems: collection of scientific and methodological works of the Institute of Architecture, Construction and Transport of the IVSPU. Ivanovo: IVGPU. 2021. Iss. 6, pp. 59–63. (In Russian).
17. Tamrazyan A.G., Orlova M.A. Finite element study of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete beams with normal cracks. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2016. No. 6, pp. 8–11. (In Russian).
18. Kukushkin I.S., Orlova M.A. Investigation of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete beams with cracks in the VC “SCAD Office” v. 21. International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering (IJCCSE). Moscow: ASV. 2016. Vol. 12. No. 1, pp. 103–109.
19. Orlova M.A. Modeling and calculation of bent reinforced concrete structures with initial defects in the software package “SCAD Office”. Object-spatial design of unique buildings and structures: a collection of materials of the I scientific and practical forum “SMARTBUILD”, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of construction education in the Ivanovo region and the creation of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Polytechnic Institute. Ivanovo: IVGPU. 2018, pp. 84–89. (In Russian).
20. Orlova M.A. Numerical studies of reinforced concrete bendable elements with initial normal cracks. Engineering and Social Systems: collection of scientific papers of the Institute of Architecture, Construction and Transport of the IVSPU. Ivanovo: IVGPU. 2019. Iss. 4, pp. 12–14. (In Russian).

In order to increase the efficiency of a household furnace and reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide at the furnace outlet, it is necessary to optimize the process of wood burning in the furnace. To do this, it is needed to select the regulatory criteria. The most feasible criterion is the temperature at the outlet of the furnace. This is especially true for small-sized furnaces with short flues. Reducing this temperature makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the furnace. The possibilities of regulating the process of wood burning in a household oven are very limited. This is an exit valve and a blow-down door. By reducing their flow section, and, accordingly, increasing the gas-dynamic resistance of these sections, it is possible to increase the total gas-dynamic resistance of the furnace and thereby reduce the intake air flow through the furnace. The method of regulating the process of wood burning by diluting hot gases in the pipe with room air is investigated. Maintaining a constant temperature in the pipe leads to a constant draft in the pipe and, accordingly, to a constant flow of air through the furnace. This required a more detailed analysis and study of the process of gorenje wood in the furnace MPKSH-2.0 and the definition of criteria by which it is necessary to optimize this process. To study the proposed control option, an automatic electric drive with an air flap installed in front of the chimney was developed and manufactured. Two anemometers, a gas analyzer, a digital differential pressure gauge and a digital thermometer were used in the tests. It is shown that the method of regulating the process of wood burning in a household furnace by diluting hot gases of the pipe with room air makes it possible to limit and regulate the temperature in the chimney, but does not make it possible to fully regulate the process of burning wood in the furnace, leads to a slight increase in the efficiency of the furnace and to an increase in the amount of carbon monoxide at the outlet of the furnace. This method is recommended for use in household and bath furnaces to reduce the temperature in the pipe.

V.V. SHEVIAKOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

1. Glinkov M.A. Osnovy obshchei teorii pechei [Fundamentals of the general theory of furnaces]. Moscow: Metallurgizdat, 1962. 576 р.
2. Shkolnik A.E. Pechnoe otoplenie maloetazhnykh zdanii [Furnace heating of low-rise buildings]. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 1991. 161 р.
3. Shevyakov V.V. Sgoranie drov v topke bytovoi pechi. Universum: Tekhnicheskie nauki. 2015. No. 4–5 (17). (In Russian).
4. Shevyakov V.V. Gas dynamics of a household furnace. Development of the calculation method. Universum: Tekhnicheskie nauki. 2015. No. 11 (22). (In Russian).
5. Protopopov V.P. Pechnoe delo [Pechnoe delo]. Moscow-Leningrad: State Scientific and Technical Publishing House of the construction industry and Shipbuilding. 1934. 280 р.
6. Shevyakov V.V. Gazodinamika bytovoi pechi. Razrabotka metoda rascheta. Universum: Tekhnicheskie nauki. 2016. No. 7 (28). (In Russian).
7. Kozlov A.A. Istoriya pechnogo otopleniya v Rossii [History of furnace heating in Russia]. Moscow: ANKO; S-P: Eksklyuziv Stil’. 2017. 164 p.
8. Poltavtsev A.N. Pechi i kirpichnye kalorifery. Osnovy ustroistva, raschet, topka i ukhod [Furnaces and masonry heaters. Bases for design, calculation, furnace and care]. Moscow: Moszdravotdel. Stroit.-remontnoe otd. 1926. 55 р.
9. Shchegolev M.M. Toplivo, topki i kotel’nye ustanovki [Fuel, furnaces and boiler installations]. Moscow: Gosstroyizdat. 1953. 546 р.
10. Esterkin R.I. Promyshlennye kotel’nye ustanovki [Industrial boiler installations]. Leningrad: Energoatomizdat. 1985.
11. Nagorskii D.V. Obshchaya metodika rascheta pechei [General method of calculating furnaces]. Moscow; Leningrad: AN SSSR. 1941. 317 р.
12. Semenov L.A. Teploustoichivost’ i pechnoe otoplenie zhilykh i obshchestvennykh zdanii [Heat resistance and furnace heating of residential and public buildings]. Moscow: Mashstroiizdat. 1950. 264 р.
13. Semenov L.A. Teplootdacha otopitel’nykh pechei i raschet pechnogo otopleniya [Heat transfer of heating furnaces and calculation of furnace heating]. Moscow: Stroiizdat Narkomstroya. 1943. 80 р.
14. Sosnin Yu.P., Bukharkin E.N. Bytovye pechi, kaminy i vodonagrevateli [Household stoves, fireplaces and water heaters]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1985. 368 р.
15. Hoshev J.M. Drovyanye pechi. Protsessy i yavleniya [Wood stove. Processes and Phenomena]. Moscow: Kniga i biznes. 2015. 392 р.
16. Ryazankin A.I. Sekrety pechnogo masterstva [Secrets of furnace craftsmanship]. Moscow: Narodnoe tvorchestvo. 2004. 360 р.
17. Kolevatov V. M. Pechi i kaminy [Stoves and fireplaces]. Saint Petersburg: Diamant. 1996. 384 р.
18. Kovalevsky I.I. Pechnye raboty [Furnace works]. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 1983. 208 р.
19. Shevyakov V.V. Condenser model for the study of transient thermal processes in the brick wall of a household oven. Universum: Tekhnicheskie nauki. 2018. No. 8 (29).
20. Shevyakov V. V. Development and testing of a combined fuel cell without a grate for a household oven. Vestnik MGSU. 2018. No. 1, pp. 23–32.
21. Shevyakov V.V. Features of testing household stoves according to European Standard 15250 using a gas analyzer and anemometer. Vestnik MGSU. 2018. No. 6, pp. 709–716.
22. Sheviakov V.V. Temperature distribution in parallel channels of a household oven at low-rise construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 1–2, pp. 11–17. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-1-2-11-17
23. Sheviakov V.V. Plotting pressure diagrams and substitution schemes for a household oven. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 4, pp. 47–51. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-4-47-51
24. Ravich M.B. Uproshchennaya metodika teplotekhnicheskikh raschetov [Simplified method of heat engineering calculations]. Moscow: Nauka, 1966. 415 p.

The relevance of the study is related to the need to ensure the required comfort of internal meteorological parameters in the working area of the premises and the safety of human life in various modes of operation of technological equip-ment and with the appearance of new heat and mass transfer devices of air con-ditioning systems, which have different dynamic characteristics and use more complex control algorithms compared to those used earlier. The subject of the study is methods for calculating changes in the temperature of indoor air in rooms serviced by automated climate systems. The goal of the study is to exper-imentally confirm the main analytical dependencies for a given temperature, found earlier by solving differential equations describing the non-stationary thermal regime of a room. The objective of the study is to carry out full-scale measurements of room temperature for abrupt changes in heat gain when the air conditioning system is turned on and off and compare the results with theoreti-cal curves. During the measurements, the thermometer was placed in the center of the room at a height of 1 m from the floor. The results were compared with analytical solutions of the asymptotic type and obtained by decomposing the desired function into a Taylor series. Experimental data obtained during the initial cooling of a room in a civil building under conditions of a jump-like increase in heat loss and with automatic regulation of the central air conditioning system compensating for jump-like heat gain are presented. It is shown that, taking into account the measurement error, their results are consistent with the theoretical relations for the same conditions with sufficient accuracy and thereby further confirm their fairness and validity.

O.D. SAMARIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Rafalskaya T.A. Reliability and controllability of systems of centralized heat supply. Eastern European Scientific Journal. 2016. No. 2, pp. 228–235.
2. Malyavina E.G. Calculation of the rate of cooling of a room after turning off the heat supply. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2015. No. 2, pp. 55–58. (In Russian).
3. Doroshenko A.V. Simulation thermodynamic model of the building. BST: Byulleten’ stroitel’noi tekhniki. 2017. No. 12, pp. 42–43. (In Russian).
4. Serale G., Capozzoli A., Fiorentini M., Bernardini D., Bemporad A. Model predictive control (MPC) for enhancing building and HVAC system energy efficiency: problem formulation, applications and opportunities. Energies. 2018. Vol. 11. No. 3, pp. 631.
5. Latif M., Nasir A. Decentralized stochastic control for building energy and comfort management. Journal of Building Engineering. 2019. Vol. 24, 100739.
6. Tarasova (Andreeva) D.S., Petritchenko M.R. Building quasi-stationary thermal behavior. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2017. No. 4 (72), pp. 28–35.
7. Li N., Chen Q. Experimental study on heat transfer characteristics of interior walls under partial-space heating mode in hot summer and cold winter zone in China. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2019. Vol. 162, 114264.
8. Faouzi D., Bibi-Triki N., Draoui B., Abène A. Modeling a fuzzy logic controller to simulate and optimize the greenhouse microclimate management using Mathlab Simulink. International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Computing. 2017. Vol. 3. No. 3, pp. 12–27.
9. Samarin O.D. The calculation of the thermal mode of a room using the integral controllers for climate control systems. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 2020. No. 2, pp. 28–35. (In Russian).
10. Samarin O.D. Experimental confirmation of theoretical dependences for indoor air temperature under automatic control of climate systems. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 2021. No. 1, pp. 37–42. (In Russian).

In the construction industry, one of the priority areas is energy conservation, to ensure which methods based on theoretical and experimental prerequisites are developed, which are used at various stages of building design. One of the factors that contribute to energy saving and, therefore, are taken into account when calculating the energy spent on heating and ventilation of buildings is the heat gain from solar radiation. According to Russian regulatory documents, calculations of heat input from solar radiation to the building under study are carried out without taking into account the overlap of part of the sky with buildings of the surrounding development. So, in the presence of an opposing building, the amount of incoming direct and diffuse solar radiation on the celestial hemisphere can be significantly reduced, but the buildings of the development also reflect solar radiation. Theoretical methods are being developed to account for solar radiation that is overlapped and reflected by buildings. However, there are no methods of accounting for the overlapped diffuse solar radiation and the reflected solar radiation arriving instead. The method of analytical calculation that can be used to simultaneously calculate the values of incoming diffuse, overlapped diffuse, and reflected solar radiation from an opposing building is proposed. The application of the method is illustrated by an example. It is shown that the opposing building can increase the intake of diffuse solar radiation due to the reflected component.

E.V. KORKINA^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.D. TYULENEV², postgraduate (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
E.V. VOITOVICH^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences(21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Gagarin Vladimir G. Thermal performance as the main factor of energy saving of buildings in Russia. Procedia Engineering. 2016. Vol. 146, pp. 112–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.360
2. Schepetkov N.I. Energy efficient approach to room and urban environment illumination. Energosberezhenie. 2016. No. 3, pp. 20–28. (In Russian).
3. Datsyuk T.A., Grimitlin A.M., Anshukova E.A. Assessment of energy efficiency indicators of buildings. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2018. No. 5 (70), pp. 141–145. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2018-15-5-141-145
4. Dvoretsky A.T., Klevets K.N. Analysis of influence by different types of devices of glased veranda on the heat balance of energy efficient homes. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2014. No. 5, pp. 54–60. (In Russian).
5. Kupriyanov V.N., Sedova F.R. Justification and development of a power method of calculation of insolation of premises. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 5, pp. 83–87. (In Russian).
6. Zemtsov V.A., Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A., Zem-tsov V.V. The influence of facade elements on the insolation regime of the premises of civil buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 6, pp. 16–23. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-6-16-23
7. Solov’ev A.K., Stetskii S.V., Murav’eva N.A. A comfortable light environment with natural and combined lighting. Determination of its characteristics by the method of subjective expert assessments. Svetotekhnika. 2018. No. 3, pp. 32–38. (In Russian).
8. Zubarev K.P., Gagarin V.G. Determining the coefficient of mineral wool vapor permeability in vertical position. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 2021. Vol. 1259, pp. 593–600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57453-6_56
9. Cheng Sun, Qianqian Liu and Yunsong Han. Many-Objective Optimization Design of a Public Building for Energy, Daylighting and Cost Performance Improvement. Applied Sciences. 2020. 10 (7). 2435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072435
10. Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A., Tyulenev M.D. Effectiveness of energy-saving glazing in various climatic zones of Russia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. 869 (7). 072010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/869/7/072010
11. Esquivias P.M., Moreno D., Navarro J. Solar radiation entering through openings: Coupled assessment of luminous and thermal aspects. Energy and Buildings. V. 175. 15 September 2018, pp. 208–218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.07.021
12. Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A. Analytical method of calculation of the diffuse solar radiation received on a vertical surface with partially obstructed sky. Izvestiya vyzov. Tekhnologiya tekstilnoy promyshlennosti. 2018. No. 375, pp. 230–236. (In Russian).
13. Yunsong Han, Hong Yu, Cheng Sun. Simulation-based multiobjective optimization of timber-glass residential buildings in severe cold regions. Sustainability. 2017. 9. 2353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122353
14. Levinson R. Using solar availability factors to adjust cool-wall energy savings for shading and reflection by neighboring buildings. Solar Energy. 2019. Vol. 180, pp. 717–734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.01.023
15. Korkina E.V. Graphic method of calculation of the direct solar radiation received on the facade with available opposing building. Vestnik MGSU. 2019. Vol. 14. Iss. 2, pp. 237–249. (In Russian). DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.2.237-249
16. Thi Khanh Phuong Nguyen, Solovyov A.K., Thi Hai Ha Pham, & Kim Hanh Dong. Confirmed method for definition of daylight climate for tropical Hanoi. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 2020 982 (01): 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19756-8_4
17. Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A., Zemtsov V.A., Tiulenev M.D. Analytical method of calculation of the reflected solar radiation from the facade of the opposing building. Izvestiya vyzov. Tekhnologiya tekstilnoy promyshlennosti. 2019. No. 4 (382), pp. 189–196. (In Russian).
18. Zemtsov V.A., Korkina E.V., Zemtsov V.V. Relative brightness of facades in the L-shaped urban buildings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. 896 (1). 012027.
19. Dvoretsky A.T. Reflected surfaces and their directing cones. J. Geom. Graph. 2010. 14 (1), pp. 69–80.
20. Korkina E.V., Gorbarenko E.V., Pastushkov P.P., Tyulenev M.D. Investigation of the heating temperature of the facade surface from solar radiation under various irradiation conditions. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 7, pp. 19–25. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31659/0044-4472-2020-7-19-25
21. Kondrat’ev K.Ya. Pivovarova Z.I., Fedorova M.P. Radiationnuy regim naklonnyh poverhnostey [Radiation mode of inclined surfaces]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. 1978. 170 p. (In Russian).
22. Stadnik V.V., Gorbarenko E.V., Shilovtseva O.A., Zadvornykh V.A. Comparison of the calculated and measured sizes of the total and scattered radiation arriving on inclined surfaces according to observations in Meteorological observatory of MSU. Trudy GGO. 2016. Iss. 581, pp. 138–154. (In Russian).

The relevance of the study is determined by the current use of natural ventilation systems for organizing the air regime in modern residential buildings, which, for certain reasons, are not able to provide it uninterruptedly in the annual cycle of operation. The purpose of the study was to consider the factors affecting the efficiency of natural ventilation systems with individual exhaust ducts serving the premises of multi-apartment residential buildings. An analysis of the influence of climatic (mobility and temperature of the outside air) and structural (conditions of actual operation) factors on maintaining the calculated air exchange by these systems is given. The results obtained during the study are presented in analytical and graphical form and allow us to evaluate the efficiency of ventilation systems with natural induction of air movement for some typical combinations of environmental parameters, as well as the use of supply devices and interior doors that were not taken into account at the design stage. As a result, a general conclusion was drawn about the impossibility of ensuring the calculated values of air exchange in residential premises of existing, reconstructed and newly built apartment buildings by means of exclusively natural ventilation and the need to replace it with mechanical and hybrid (natural-mechanical) systems that provide forced air movement and are less dependent on changes in parameters of outdoor environment.

M.V. BODROV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.Y. KUZIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), associate professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.M. PRYTKOVA (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.), Master’s Student,
A.F. YULANOVA, Postgraduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (65, bldg. 1, Ilinskaya Street, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Dederation)

1. Averkin A.G., Ivashchenko N.Yu. On the issue of improving natural ventilation systems in residential buildings. Obrazovanie i nauka v sovremennom mire. Innovatsii. 2018. No. 1 (14), pp. 164–172. (In Russian).
2. Abramkina D.V., Agakhanov K.M. Influence of natural indoor air exchange on the concentration of suspended particles. Vestnik Sibirskogo gosudarstvennogo avtomobil’no-dorozhnogo universiteta. 2018. No. 6 (64), pp. 912–921. (In Russian).
3. Anichkhin A.G. Once again about the air mode. Santekhnika. Otoplenie. Konditsionirovanie. 2016. No. 7, pp. 42–48. (In Russian).
4. Grubler D., Poretsky V.V. Mechanical exhaust ventilation of multi-storey residential buildings: opportunities for implementation in Moscow. AVOK. 2005. No. 4, pp. 78–85. (In Russian).
5. Krivoshein A.D. Providing controlled air flow in residential buildings: problems and solutions. AVOK. 2018. No. 4, pp. 32–41. (In Russian).
6. Malyavina E.G., Biryukov S.V., Dianov S.N. Air regime of a high-rise residential building during the year. Part 1. Air regime with natural exhaust ventilation*. AVOK. 2004. No. 8, pp. 6–13. (In Russian).
7. Malyavina E.G, Kitaitseva E.X. Natural ventilation of residential buildings. AVOK. 1999. No. 3, pp. 35–43. (In Russian).
8. Malyavina E. G., Agakhanov K.M. Full-scale tests of gravitational exhaust ventilation systems. XXI International Scientific Conference “Construction – Formation of the Living Environment”. Moscow. 2018, April 25–27, pp. 311–313. (In Russian).
9. Morozov M.S., Yulanova A.F., Astakhina T.I., Ivanova K.A. Study of gravity ventilation systems with supply wall valves of five-story residential buildings in a year-round operation cycle. Congress “Sustainable Development of Regions in Great River Basins” of the 21st International Scientific and Industrial Forum “Great Rivers 2019”. Nizhny Novgorod. 2019, May 14–17. Vol. 3, pp. 382–386. (In Russian).
10. Rymarov A.G., Savichev V.V. Features of determining the required air exchange in the premises of residential buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2014. No. 12, pp. 23–25. (In Russian).
11. Rymarov A.G., Abramkina D.V. Assessment of the efficiency of natural ventilation systems. XXI International Scientific Conference “Construction – Formation of the Living Environment”. Moscow. 2018, April 25–27, pp. 308–310. (In Russian).
12. Tabunshchikov Yu.A., Malyavina E.G., Dionov S.N. Mechanical ventilation – the way to comfort and energy saving. Energosberezhenie. 2000. No. 3, pp. 5–9. (In Russian).
13. Tabunshchikov Yu.A., Shilkin N.V. Aerodynamics of high-rise buildings. AVOK. 2004. No. 8, pp. 14–23. (In Russian).
14. Tabunshchikov Yu.A., Efremov M.N. Aerodynamics of building development. AVOK. 2015. No. 4, pp. 48–55. (In Russian).
15. Guvernyuk S.V., Gagarin V.G. Computer modeling of aerodynamic impacts on the elements of high-rise building fences. AVOK. 2006. No. 8, pp. 18–25. (In Russian).
16. Davis R.S. Equation for the Determination of the Density of Moist Air. Metrologia. 1992. No. 1 (29), pp. 67–70.