Methods for measuring the density of heat fluxes and thermal imaging diagnostic used for thermal engineering inspections of enclosing structures require that the heat transfer in the enclosing structures be close to stationary. But the enclosing structures are constantly exposed to external thermal influences (solar radiation, daily changes in the temperature of the outside air, etc.). Therefore, during inspections accessible and reliable methods for estimating the relaxation time of thermal effects in the thickness of structures should be used. During this time, thermal imaging surveys usually are not carried out, and the results obtained by measuring the heat flux density should be excluded from further mathematical processing. The paper presents the results of a study of the values of the characteristic relaxation times of thermal effects in single-layer, multi-layer (of various types) and translucent enclosing structures. Formulas for calculating the time of thermal inertia for enclosing structures are obtained. The results are obtained by numerical simulation of one-dimensional non-stationary heat transfer.

E.V. LEVIN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.Yu. OKUNEV^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, RAACS (21, Locomotivny Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)
² State University of Land Use Planning (15, Kazakova Street, Moscow, 105064, Russian Federation)

1. Salov A.S., Gajnanova E.S. Features of monitoring and inspection of the thermal state of building structures. Vestnik Evrazijskoj nauki. 2019. No. 1. (In Russian).
2. Komov E.P., Lebedev O.V., Pozdnyak V.S. Praktika primeneniya teplovogo nerazrushayushchego kontrolya pri energeticheskih obsledovaniyah mnogokvartirnyh zhilyh domov. Uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie [The practice of using thermal non-destructive testing in energy inspections of apartment buildings. Study guide]. Magnitogorsk: VELD. 2014. 40 p.
3. Karpov D., Sinitsyn A. Algorithm for integrated non-destructive diagnostics of technical condition of structures of buildings and constructions using the thermogram analysis. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020. Vol. 161. 01040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016101040
4. Apostolska R. Measurement of Heat-Flux of New Type Facade Walls. Sustainability. 2016. Vol. 8 (10), pp. 1031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8101031
5. Jack Hulme, Sean Doran BRE. In-situ measurements of wall U-values in English housing. 2014. 76 p.
6. Li F.G.N., Smith A.Z.P., Biddulph P. et al. Solid-wall U-values: heat flux measurements compared with standard assumptions. Building Research & Information. 2015. Vol. 43, pp. 238–252.
7. Dybok V.V., Kyamyarya A.R., Lazurenko N.V. Thermal diagnostics of building envelopes and structures in natural conditions. Tekhniko-tekhnologicheskie problemy servisa. 2011. No. 3 (17), pp. 14–19. (In Russian).
8. Danilevskij L.N., Danilevskij S.L. Determination of thermal characteristics and energy classification of operated residential buildings. Byulleten’ stroitel’noj tekhniki (BST). 2016. No. 6, pp. 45–47. (In Russian).
9. Lazurenko N.V., Kyamyarya, A.R. Quality control of thermal protection of buildings using contact and non-contact research methods. Nauchno-tekhnicheskij vestnik informacionnyh tekhnologij, mekhaniki i optiki. 2007. No. 44, pp. 30–35. (In Russian).
10. Gorshkov A.S., Rymkevich P.P., Vatin N.I. On the thermotechnical homogeneity of a two-layer wall structure. Energosberezhenie. 2014. No. 7, pp. 58–63.(In Russian).
11. Kornienko S.V. Comprehensive assessment of thermal protection of the building envelope envelope. Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyj zhurnal. 2012. No. 7 (33), pp. 43–49. (In Russian).
12. Papadopoulos A.M., Konstantinidou C.V. Thermal insulation and thermal storage in a building’s envelope: A question of location. Building Environ. 2008. Vol. 43, pp. 166–175.
13. Okunev A.YU. Influence of errors in setting external operating parameters on the accuracy of temperature measurement with infrared devices. Izmeritel’naya tekhnika. 2016. No. 1, pp. 60–64. (In Russian).
14. Levin E.V., Okunev A.YU. Investigation of the accuracy of temperature measurement based on the analysis of the energy balance at the receiver of the IR device. Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika. 2015. No. 5, pp. 48–52. (In Russian).
15. Chen G., Liu X., Chen Y., Guo X., Tan Y. Coupled heat and moisture transfer in two common walls. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. 2014. Vol. 3, pp. 335–342.
16. Gorshkov A.S., Rymkevich P.P., Vatin N.I. Modeling the processes of unsteady heat transfer in wall structures made of aerated concrete blocks. Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyj zhurnal. 2014. No. 8, pp. 38–66. (In Russian).
17. Tarasova V.V. Mathematical modeling of non-stationary thermal processes in the building envelope. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii. 2016. No. 8–2, pp. 265–269. (In Russian).
18. Tabunshchikov YU.A., Borodach M.M. Matematicheskoe modelirovanie i optimizaciya teplovoj effektivnosti zdanij [Mathematical modeling and optimization of thermal efficiency of buildings]. Moscow: AVOK-PRESS. 2002. 194 p.
19. Ivanov V.V., Karaseva L.V., Tihomirov S.A. Non-stationary heat transfer in multilayer building structures. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 2001. No. 9–10, pp. 7–10. (In Russian).
20. Ivanov V.V., Karaseva L.V., Volochaj V.V., Tihomirov S.A. The influence of insulation on the dynamics of thermal regimes of building structures. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2002. No. 5, pp. 15–16. (In Russian).
21. Ivanov V.V., Karaseva L.V., Tihomirov S.A. Modeling heat transfer processes in multilayer enclosing structures. Third Russian National Conference on Heat Transfer. Vol. 7. Thermal conductivity and thermal insulation. Moscow. 2002, pp. 131–134. (In Russian).
22. Gorshkov A.S. Thermal characteristics of building envelopes. Energosberezhenie. 2017. No. 7, pp. 52–56. (In Russian).
23. Du Fort E.C., Frankel S.P. Stability conditions in the numerical treatment of parabolic differential equations. Mathematical tables and other aids to computation. 1953. Vol. 7. No. 43, pp. 135–152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2002754

The systems of natural lighting of underground urban spaces used in the world are considered. The importance of natural sunlight entering such spaces, which contributes to the creation of psychoemotional comfort of a person when he is in closed spaces, is emphasized. The advantage of using hollow tubular light guides for supplying natural light to underground spaces and providing a safe environment for people to stay in them is noted. It is emphasized that the use of hollow tubular light guides as natural lighting of underground spaces contributes to the improvement of a person’s peripheral vision, which makes his stay in the underground floors of buildings more comfortable. The implemented foreign projects of applying innovative technologies of natural light transmission based on the Solatube® system for natural lighting of underground spaces, as well as the first projects realized in the Russian Federation, are considered. The relevance of new lighting systems for underground spaces is noted – hybrid lighting complexes providing a comfortable light environment in underground spaces in combined and artificial lighting modes based on the basis of the use of new-generation of light guides with spectral characteristics close to the indicators of sunlight in such complexes. A hybrid lighting complex equipped with a system of automatic control of the light flux entering the underground space, depending on weather conditions and the time of year, which creates comfortable conditions for the visual organs in underground rooms, depending on the nature of the work performed in them, is considered.

I.A. SHMAROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.A. KOZLOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
L.A. BRAZHNIKOVA, Engineer

Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy Architecture and Construction Sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

. Kupriyanov V.N., Khalikova F.R. Transmission of ultraviolet radiation by window panes at different angles of incidence of the beam. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 6, pp. 64–65. (In Russian).
2. Soloviev A. K. Hollow tubular light guides: their application for natural lighting of buildings and energy saving. Svetotekhnika. 2011. No. 5, pp. 41–47. (In Russian).
3. Brackla D. J. Natural lighting with the new passive fiber system “SolarSpot”. Svetotekhnika. No. 5. 2005, pp. 34–42. (In Russian).
4. Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A., Tyulenev M.D. Calculation of the coefficient taking into account the losses of solar radiation in the frames of window blocks. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 6, pp. 11–17. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-6-11-175
5. Solovyov A. K. Natural lighting of underground spaces. Svetotekhnika. 2018. No. 2, pp. 70–74.
6. Zemtsov V.A., Gagarin E.V. Method for calculating the light transmission of window blocks using experimental data on the light transmission of glass. Svetoprozrachnyye konstruktsii. 2010. No. 5–6, pp. 22–25. (In Russian).
7. Kaleev A.V. The use of hollow tubular light guides for natural lighting of buildings in Russia. Collection of selected articles based on the materials of scientific conferences of the State Research Institute “National Development”. Materials of the international scientific conference “Technical and Natural Sciences. Security: information, technology, management”. Saint Petersburg. 26–30 April 2020, pp. 87–89.
8. Ovcharov A.T., Selyanin Yu.N., Antsupov Ya.V. Hybrid lighting complex for combined lighting systems: concept, state of the problem, experience of application. Svetotekhnika. 2018. No. 1, pp. 28–34. (In Russian).
9. Ovcharov A.T., Selyanin Yu.N., Antsupov Ya.V. Hybrid lighting complex for combined lighting systems: research and optimization of the optical path. Svetotekhnika. 2018. No. 4, pp. 56–61. (In Russian).

During the operation of the power supply system of buildings for the storage of agricultural products, heat supply stops are possible, which are necessary for the repair of equipment. This happens as a result of emergency situations when the entire power supply system is turned off. In this case, during the main storage period, the temperature in the mass of products will increase due to internal heat release of the stored juicy raw materials. At the same time, the temperature in the upper layers of the product in contact with the air in the upper zone will gradually decrease. Reducing the temperature, for example, of potatoes below +2^оC will lead to product damage and losses. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a number of measures making it possible to ensure the safety of agricultural products during this period. This article offers a calculation of the economic efficiency of the measures carried out during the shutdown of the power supply system of potato storage facilities. When assessing the economic efficiency of measures, a complex indicator is used – the reduced costs, which includes the estimated cost, current expenses, the safety of juicy vegetable raw materials. Two variants of measures are proposed. According to the first option, the dublicate power supply system is excluded from the basic one, but the electricity consumption is added to increase the temperature of the mass of products before lowering the outdoor air temperature in case of a temporary shutdown of the potato storage power supply system. The second version of the calculation of technical and economic indicators assumes the inclusion of a reserve diesel power plant in the composition of structures instead of a duplicate power supply system. The results of comparing the reduced costs for two options of measures making it possible to ensure the safety of stored products in the event of disconnection of energy supply sources of storage facilities are obtained.

A.M. MOISEENKO¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.K. SAVIN², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Branch of the Autonomous non-profit educational organization of higher education “Voronezh Economics and Law Institute” (105, Razdolnaya Street, Orel, 302038, Russian Federation)
² Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy Architecture and Construction Sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

1. Burova T.E., Murashev S.V., Verzhun V.G. The effect of biostimulation on reducing losses during long-term cold storage of potatoes. Khraneniye i pererabotka sel’khozsyr’ya. 2003. No. 8, pp. 132–133. (In Russian).
2. Ilyinsky A.S., Pugachev V.Yu., Dmitriev A.V., Kuznetsov A.M. Development of fruit storage technology in an unregulated atmosphere. Khraneniye i pererabotka sel’khozsyr’ya. 2003. No. 8, pp. 52–55. (In Russian).
3. Moiseenko A.M., Lysak O. G. Modeling of the temperature and humidity regime in potato and vegetable storage buildings. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2016. 2016. No. 2 (64), pp. 77–84. (In Russian).
4. Kondrashov V.I., Prusakov G.M., Moiseenko A.M. Mathematical simulation of microclimate of sub-surfaced in the ground potato storehouses. Vestnik Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta. 2014. No. 3 (48), pp. 35–51. (In Russian).
5. Kondrashov V.I., Moiseenko A.M. Mathematical modeling of the thermal state of vegetable and potato storages with multilayer external fencing when power supply systems are disconnected. Reports of the Russian Academy of agricultural Sciences. 2003. No. 3, pp. 50–52. (In Russian).
6. Savin V.K., Moiseenko A.M. Energy saving in case of periodic disconnection of power supply sources. Construction physics in the XXI century materials of scientific and technical conference. Ser. “Research Institute of construction physics 50 years”. Moscow: Agency for science and innovation; Ministry of science and education of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of architectural and construction Sciences, Research Institute of construction physics. 2006, pp. 252–255. (In Russian).
7. Gindoyan A.G., Feinstein V.A., Ivanova N.N. The effect of temporary power outage of microclimate supply systems on the thermal regime in potato storage facilities. Kholodil’naya tekhnika. 1986. No. 9, pp. 20–24. (In Russian).
8. Bodrov V.I. Khranenie kartofelya i ovoshchei [Storage of potatoes and vegetables]. Gorky: Volga-Vyatka Publishing House. 1985. 224 p.
9. Ivakhnov V.I., Maltseva E.M. The choice of rational modes of active ventilation of potatoes and vegetables during cooling and storage. Kholodil’naya tekhnika. 1985. No. 11, pp. 21–25. (In Russian).
10. Ilyinsky A. S. Methods and technical means of removing carbon dioxide when storing fruits in a controlled atmosphere. Khraneniye i pererabotka sel’khozsyr’ya. 2003. No. 3, pp. 77–79. (In Russian).
11. Moiseenko A.M., Kondrashov V.I. Mathematical modeling of the thermal regime of the embankment of products of a storage facility semi-buried in the ground. Vestnik RASHN. 2004. No. 3, pp. 84–85. (In Russian).
12. Osadchy G.G. Energy saving during processing and storage of agricultural raw materials. Khraneniye i pererabotka sel’khozsyr’ya. 2001. No. 9, pp. 63–65. (In Russian).
13. Savin V.K., Moiseenko A.M., Kondrashov V.I. Mathematical modeling of heat and moisture exchange processes in a mound of ventilated products in a potato storage facility. Collection of reports of the eighth scientific and practical conference (Academic readings) “Walls and facades. Actual problems of construction physics”. Moscow: NIISF. 2003, pp. 276–282. (In  Russian).
14. Kondrashov V.I., Moiseenko A.M. Thermoanalysis of juicy agricultural raw material storehouses with multilayer building envelopes. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2005. Vol. 41. Iss. 4, pp. 347–352.
15. Tashtoush B. Heat-and-mass transfer analysis from vegetable and fruit products stored in cold conditions. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2000. Vol. 36. Iss. 3, pp. 217–221.

The key environmental goal of sustainable development is the stability of ecological and physical systems. Health care buildings have higher thermal energy consumption rates than any other type of building. With health care costs rising, every hospital should prioritize cost savings, including those that defend environmental sustainability. The development of energy-efficient green construction projects from the construction of private homes, office buildings to large social facilities such as hospital complexes in modern conditions is inevitable. On the example of the implementation of the best European practices when designing and constructing, it was found that the measures taken to improve the energy efficiency of buildings are certainly positive. With the growing volume of research, as well as modeling resources, there are more and more design strategies that focus on achieving sustainability principles when designing and constructing medical facilities.

S.G. SHEINA¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
N.P. UMNYAKOVA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering),
L.V. GIRYA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),
M.A. ROZHINA¹, Student

¹ Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin Square, Rostov-on-Don, 344000, Russian Federation)
² Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

1. Mingaleva Zh.A., Deputatova L.N., Starkov Y.V. Application of the rating method of estimation of efficiency of state environmental policy: comparative analysis of Russia and foreign countries. Ars Administrandi (Art of management). 2018. Vol. 10. No. 3, pp. 419–438. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17072/2218-9173-2018-3-419-438
2. Shubin I.L., Umnyakova N.P., Matveeva I.V., Andrianov K.A. Quality of the building envelope is the basis for creating an environmentally friendly environment of vital activity. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 6, pp. 10–15. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-6-10-15
3. Sheina S.G., Umnyakova N.P., Fedyaeva P.V., Minenko E.N. The best European experience in implementing energy-saving technologies in the housing stock of the Russian Federation. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 6, pp. 29–34. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-6-29-34
4. Sheina S.G., Grachev K.S. Best European practices for implementing renewable energy sources in the Russian Federation. Ingenernuii vestnik Dona. 2019. No. 5. URL: ivdon.ru/ru/magazine/archive/n5y2019/5993. (Date of access: 24.04.2020). (In Russian).
5. Mogilenko A. V. Strategies for minimizing the effects of the rebound effect when implementing energy-saving measures: international experience. Energosberezhenie. 2019. No. 3, pp. 72–76. URL: https://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=7209.
6. Borisoglebskaya A. P. Effective technologies for medical and preventive institutions. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for microclimate and air environment. Energosberezhenie. 2019. No. 3, pp. 4–12. URL: https://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=7208.
7. David Schurk. Energy-efficient hospital air conditioning systems: special requirements for the microclimate of operating rooms and intensive care wards. Energosberezhenie. 2020. No. 8, pp. 16–24. URL: https://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=7686
8. Zarzycka A., Maassen W., Zeiler W. Energy-efficient solutions in the practice of designing operating rooms: the experience of the Netherlands. AVOK. 2019. No. 6, pp. 40–46. URL: https://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=7393.
9. Sheina S.G., Minenko E.N., Sakovskaya K.A. Complex Assessment of Resource-Saving Solutions Efficiency for Residential Buildings Based on Sustainability Theory. MATEC Web of Conferences – International Conference on Trends in Manufacturing Technologies and Equipment (ICMTMTE 2017). 2017. Vol. 129. Modern–Number of article 05020 (2018).
10. Stefan Thomas, Johannes Thema, Lars-Arvid Brischke, Leon Leuser, Michael Kopatz, Meike Spitzner. Energy sufficiency policy for residential electricity use and per-capita dwelling size. Energy Efficiency. 2018. November.
11. Konstantinov A.P., Ibragimov A.M. Complex approach to calculation and design of translucent structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 12, pp. 14–17. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-1-2-14-17
12. Eddy Janssen. Energy saving and efficiency. The European Physical Journal Conferences 246:00015. 2020. January. DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202024600015
13. Jeeeun Kang. Passive design elements for hospitals to achieve energy saving. KIEAE Journal 20(3):59-64. 2020. June. DOI: 10.12813/kieae.2020.20.3.059
14. Kholkin D. A. California: forward of green energy or a scary fairy tale? Energetika i promyshlennost’ Rossii. 2020. No. 17 (397), p. 39. URL: https://www.eprussia.ru/epr/397/9463339.htm
15. Mogilenko A.V. Measures to improve energy efficiency. German experience. Energosberezhenie. 2018. No. 1. pp. 50–54. URL: https://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=6832.

The meteorological parameters characterizing the presence of a cloudy sky have been determined and analyzed. It is shown that the state of cloudy sky is not typical for any territories of Russia. In the intra-annual distribution of cloudiness, it is possible to distinguish periods with a predominance of clear or cloudy skies, which vary depending on the circulation processes. For Moscow, one can take a cloudy sky for the prevailing cloudiness only in the autumn-winter period. Based on the data of long-term observations of the Meteorological Observatory of Moscow State University, an assessment of the illumination of horizontal and vertical surfaces was carried out for a clear, cloudy sky and under average cloudy conditions. The illumination of the earth’s surface under cloudy skies and under average cloudy conditions can differ by up to 50%, and the illumination of walls of various orientations can differ several times. During the period of snow cover, with continuous cloudiness of the lower tier, due to multiple re-reflection from snow and clouds, the reflected component of illumination increases to 30% or more. These estimates, taking into account the repeatability of the cloudy sky, give an idea of the discrepancy between the real data and the values presented in the regulatory documents. For the rational use of natural light resources in different geographic regions, it is necessary to take into account the real cloud conditions.

E.V. GORBARENKO^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Geography)

¹ Lomonosov Moscow State University. Faculty of Geography (Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation)
² Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences(21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

1. KorkinaYe.V. Criterion of efficiency of replacement of double-glazed windows in the building for the purpose of energy saving. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 6–9. (In Russian).
2. Fyong N.T.KH., Solov’yev A.K. Assessment of natural lighting of buildings taking into account sun protection structures under real cloud conditions. Vestnik MGSU. 2020. Vol. 15 (2), pp. 180–200. (In Russian). doi: 10.22227/1997-0935.2020.2.180-200
3. KupriyanovV.N., SedovaF.R. Justification and development of the energy method for calculating the insolation of residential premises. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 5, pp. 83–87. (In Russian).
4. CEN European Standard – Daylight in Buildings, EN-17037, 2018.
5. Obolenskiy N.V. Arkhitektura I solntse [Architecture and the Sun]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1988. 2015 p.
6. Phuong N.T., Solovyov A.K. Potential daylight resources between tropical and temperate cities–a case study of Ho Chi Minh city and Moscow. Scientific journal Matec Web of Conferences. 2018. Vol. 193. p. 04013. doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819304013
7. Darula S. Review of the current state and future development in standardizing natural lighting in interiors. Light Eng. 2018. Vol. 26. No. 4, 25 p.
8. Korkina E.V., Gorbarenko E.V., Pastushkov P.P., Tyulenev M.D. Investigation of the heating temperature of the facade surface from solar radiation under various irradiation conditions. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 7, pp. 19–25. (In Russian). DOI:  https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-7-19-25
9. Abakumova G.M., Gorbarenko Ye.V., Nezval’ Ye.I., Shilovtseva O.A. Klimaticheskiye resursy solnechnoy radiatsii Moskovskogo regiona [Climatic resources of solar radiation of the Moscow region]. Moscow: LIBROKOM, 2012. 312 p.
10. Klimat Moskvy v usloviyakh global’nogo potepleniya [The climate of Moscow in the conditions of global warming]. Pod red. Kislova A.V. Moscow: MGU, 2017. 288 p.
11. Nauchno-prikladnoy spravochnik po klimatu SSSR [Scientific and applied reference book on the climate of the USSR], Ser. 3. Part 1–6. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. 1989–1993.
12. Barteneva O.D., PolyakovaYe. A., Rusin N.P. Rezhimy estestvennoy osveshchennosti na territorii SSSR [The mode of natural illumination on the territory of the USSR]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. 1971. 238 p.
13. Elena Korkina, Igor Shmarov and Matvey Tyulenev. Effectiveness of energy-saving glazing in various climatic zones of Russia. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 869. 072010. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/869/7/072010
14. Stadnik V.V., Shanina I.N. Evaluation of the natural illumination of the Earth’s surface according to actinometric data. Trudy GGO. 2016. Vol. 580, pp. 110–124. (In Russian).
15. Shilovtseva O.A. The light regime of Moscow in the conditions of smoky haze. Meteorologiya I gidrologiya. 2014. No. 4, pp. 5–17. (In Russian).
16. Gorbarenko Ye.V., Shilovtseva O.A. Natural illumination of horizontal and vertical surfaces according to observations of the Moscow State University MO. Stroitel’stvo I rekonstruktsiya. 2018. No. 4 (78), pp. 53–63. (In Russian).
17. Korkina Ye.V., Gorbarenko Ye.V., Gagarin V.G., Shmarov I.A. Basic relationships for calculation of solar radiation expousure of walls of separate buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 6, pp. 27–33. (In Russian).

The analysis of the normative documents regulating the inspection of the heat-protection characteristics of the enclosing structures has been carried out. It has been established that thermal imaging control of enclosing structures is a promising method, but the regulatory framework for its use needs significant revision. The authors of the article have revised the main document regulating thermal imaging inspection, GOST R 54852–2011 “Buildings and Structures. Method of thermal imaging quality control of thermal insulation of building envelopes”. The revision of GOST R 54852 was carried out with the aim of increasing the accuracy of thermal imaging examinations of the heat- protection properties of enclosing structures and expanding its scope. This article contains new provisions developed as a result of the revision of GOST. The new regulations relate to thermography of translucent and leaky enclosing structures (with air filtration). For translucent structures, the use of new provisions in some cases makes it possible to conduct the thermography at a quantitative level. A new method of processing the results of thermal imaging measurements, formulas for recalculating measurement results for design conditions and formulas for determining the measurement error are presented. New operations with the use of the air temperature reference points have been introduced into the methodology for conducting thermal imaging inspection, which make it possible to significantly increase the accuracy of the thermal imaging method. The analysis of the new provisions of GOST R 54852 was carried out with explanations and comments.

E.V. LEVIN¹, Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.Yu. OKUNEV^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Physics and Mathematics) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, RAACS (21, Locomotivny Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)
² State University of Land Use Planing (15, Kazakova Street, Moscow, 105064, Russian Federation)

1. Lazurenko N.V., Kyamyarya A.R. Quality control of thermal protection of buildings using contact and non-contact research methods. Nauchno-tekhnicheskii vestnik informatsionnykh tekhnologii, mekhaniki i optiki. 2007. No. 44, pр. 30–35. (In Russian).
2. Dybok V.V., Kyamyarya A.R., Lazurenko N.V. Thermal diagnostics of building envelopes and structures in natural conditions. Tekhniko-tekhnologicheskie problemy servisa. 2011. No. 17, pр. 14–19. (In Russian).
3. Zimin A.N., Bochkov I.V, Kryshov S.I., Umnyakova N.P. Resistance to heat transfer and temperature on the inner surfaces of translucent enclosing structures of residential buildings in Moscow. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2019. No. 6, pр. 24–29. (In Russian).
4. Kravchuk A.N. Energy efficiency control in the implementation of state construction supervision. Santekhnika, otoplenie, konditsionirovanie. 2015. No. 3 (164), pр. 68–71. (In Russian).
5. Kryshov S.I., Kurilyuk I.S. On the actual indicators of the energy efficiency of buildings. Reasons and remedies for non-compliance. Energosberezhenie. 2018. No. 4. С. 38–45. (In Russian).
6. Li F.G.N., Smith A.Z.P., Biddulph P., Hamilton I., Lowe R., Mavrogianni A., Oikonomou E., Raslan R., Stamp S., Stone A. et al. Solid-wall U-values: Heat flux measurements compared with standard assumptions. Building Research and Information. 2015, No. 43, pр. 238–252.
7. Papadopoulos, A.M.; Konstantinidou, C.V. Thermal insulation and thermal storage in a building’s envelope: A question of location. Building and Environment. 2008. No. 43, рр. 166–175.
8. Jack Hulme & Sean Doran BRE. In-situ measurements of wall U-Values in English Housing. 2014. P. 76–37. Apostolska R. Measurement of heat-flux of new type facade walls. Sustainability. 2016. Vol. 8 (10). 1031.
9. Kryshov S.I., Kurilyuk I.S. Assessment of thermal protection of external building envelopes. Energosberezhenie. 2018. No. 3. С. 12–17. (In Russian).
10. Danilevskii L.N., Danilevskii S.L. Determination of thermal characteristics and energy classification of operated residential buildings. Byulletn’ stroitel’noi tekhniki (BST). 2016. No. 6. рp. 45–47. (In Russian).
11. Livchak V.I. On an experimental assessment of the energy efficiency indicator of multi-apartment buildings. Energosberezhenie. 2018. No. 5, pр. 32–38. (In Russian).
12. Naumov A.L., Kapko D.V. Determination of the energy efficiency class of operated residential apartment buildings. Energosberezhenie. 2015. No. 8, pр. 16–19. (In Russian).
13. Balaras C., Argiriou A. Infrared thermography for building diagnostics. Energy and Buildings. 2002. 34 (2), pр. 171–183.
14. Salov A.S., Gainanova E.S. Features of monitoring and inspection of the thermal state of building structures. Vestnik Evraziiskoi nauki. 2019. No. 1. https://esj.today/PDF/59SAVN119.pdf
15. Lebedev O.V., Pozdnyak V.S. Praktika primeneniya teplovogo nerazrushayushchego kontrolya pri energeticheskikh obsledovaniyakh mnogokvartirnykh zhilykh domov [The practice of using thermal non-destructive testing in energy inspections of apartment buildings]. Magnitogorsk: VELD, 2014. 40 p.
16. Devyatnikova L.A., Zaitseva M.I., Mukhin S.Yu. Analysis of the thermal properties of the outer wall based on thermal imaging. Resources and Technology. 2016. 13 (3), pp. 30–41.
17. Levin E.V., Okunev A.Yu., Umnyakova N.P., Shubin I.L. Osnovy sovremennoi stroitel’noi termografii. [Fundamentals of modern building thermography]. Moscow: NIISF RAASN. 2012. 176 p.
18. Vavilov V.P. Infrakrasnaya termografiya i teplovoi control [Infrared thermography and thermal control]. Moscow: Spektr. 2009. 387 p.
19. Levin E.V., Okunev A.Yu. To the question of determining the temperature distribution on the surface of construction objects by the thermal imaging method. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. No. 3, pр. 245–256. (In Russian).
20. Levin E.V., Okunev A.Yu. Investigation of the temperature measurement accuracy based on the analysis of the energy balance at the radiation receiver of the IR device. Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika. 2015. No. 5, pр. 48–52. (In Russian).
21. Okunev A.Yu., Levin E.V. Errors in thermal imaging of internal surfaces of enclosing structures. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noi promyshlennosti. 2016. No. 4 (364), pр. 221–229. (In Russian).
22. Levin E.V., Okunev A.Yu. Thermal imaging surveys of construction sites. Methodological errors arising from the uncertainty of the emission coefficient under conditions of various background radiation. BST: Byulleten’ stroitel’noi tekhniki. 2016. No. 6 (982), pр. 30–33. (In Russian).

The problem of determining the value of the required isolation of transport noise with translucent structures on newly constructed capital construction objects, which results in excessive requirements for the sound insulation of translucent structures at the design stage, is considered. One of the reasons for this is the lack of clear recommendations in the current regulatory documentation for determining the value of the average sound absorption coefficient required to determine the acoustic constant of the room and the coefficient that takes into account the violation of the diffusivity of the sound field. The Department of Construction Acoustics and Facade Inspection of the State Budgetary Institution “TSEIIS” has collected statistical data on measurements of transport noise isolation for 150 capital construction projects in Moscow. The accumulated measurement statistics make it possible to calculate the average values of the sound absorption coefficient and determine the degree of influence on the required insulation of transport noise, depending on the parameters of the premises (such as the presence of furniture, etc.). According to the results of calculations, it is established that the coefficient values can vary in the range from 0.03 to 0.15 and more, and the calculated value of the required sound insulation by 3–15 dB, respectively. It is necessary to consider the issue on making changes in the relevant regulatory documentation for determining the parameter of the average sound absorption coefficient and use the results of field tests when making changes to the regulatory documentation.

S.I. KRYSHOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
D.E. KOTELNIKOV¹, Engineer-Expert(This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.M. ROGALEV¹, Engineer-Expert;
O.V. GRADOVA², Head of the “Acoustic Materials and Structures” Sector

¹ Center for Expertise, Research and Testing in Construction (GBU “TSEIIS”) (13, Ryazanskiy Avenue, Moscow, 109052, Russian Federation)
² Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (21, Lokomotivny Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

1. Ledenev V.I., Matveeva I.V., Fedorov O.O. On complex studies of window fillings as elements of the building shell under the conditions of providing them with light, insolation, heat, noise modes and electromagnetic safety in civil buildings. Privolzhskii nauchnyi zhurnal. 2017. No. 1, pp. 20–26. (In Russian).
2. Shubin I.L. Normative documents on energy saving and construction acoustics, developed by NIISF RAASN. Byulleten’ stroitel’noi tekhniki. 2012. No. 2, pp. 7–13. (In Russian).
3. Spiridonov A.V., Tsukernikov I. E., Shubin I. L. Monitoring and analysis of regulatory documents in the field of indoor climate of premises and protection from harmful effects. Part 3. Acoustic factors (noise, vibration, infrasound, ultrasound). Byulleten’ stroitel’noi tekhniki. 2016. No. 6, pp. 8–11. (In Russian).
4. Angelov V.L., Porozhenko M.A. Evaluation and normalization of sound insulation of building enclosing structures. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2010. No. 3, pp. 170–174. (In Russian).
5. Kryshov S.I. Problems of sound insulation of buildings under construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2017. No. 6, pp. 8–10. (In Russian).
6. Ledenev V.I., Antonov A.I., Zhdanov A.E. Statistical nergy methods for calculating reflected noise fields of premises. Vestnik TGTU. 2003. Vol. 3. No. 4, pp. 713–717. (In Russian).
7. Antonov A.I., Bacunova A.V., Kryshov S.I. Method for evaluating the noise fields of premises in the design of noise protection in civil buildings with non-constant time sources. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2012. No. 4, pp. 58–60 (In Russian).
8. Shubin I.L., Antonov А.I., Ledenev V.I., Matveeva I.V., Merkusheva N.P. Assessment of noise conditions in the premises of enterprises built into residential buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 6, pp. 3–8. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-6-3-8

Changes in the state of permafrost and its degradation as a result of climate warming in Russia and the world have a direct impact on the construction objects located on it. There is a tendency to increase the deformity and accident rate of buildings located in the cryolithozone. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of climate warming on the change in the temperature state of the foundations of buildings and structures. The changes in the temperature state of the base of the building located in Norilsk were modeled when warming the climate with an increase in air temperature over a period of 60 years (2000–2059) according to the regional climate model of the Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory. The values of the increase in the seasonal thaw layer (at a higher rate of increase than outside the building contour), the expansion of the thawing bowl, and the increase in the average annual temperature of permafrost soils are obtained The deformations of the base (sediment and the relative difference of sediments) caused by the action of the own weight of the thawing soil are determined. The conclusion is made about the violation of the operational suitability of existing buildings by the end of the simulated time period. It is proved that the warming of the climate in Norilsk is a significant factor in the occurrence of accidents, which must be taken into account when calculating the grounds for the entire period of construction and operation of facilities.

V.A. ILYICHEV¹, RAACS Academic, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
N.S. NIKIFOROVA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.V. KONNOV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (19, New Arbat Street, Moscow, 127025, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
³ Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (NIISF RAACS) (21, Lokomotivny Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

1. Khrustalev L.N., Pustovoit G.P., Emel’yanova L.V. Reliability and durability of the soil bases of engineering structures on permafrost in the conditions of global climate warming. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 1993. No. 3, pp. 10–13. (In Russian).
2. Ilyichev V.A. et al. Perspektivy razvitiya poselenii Severa v sovremennykh usloviyakh [Prospects for the development of settlements in the North in modern conditions]. Moscow: Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences. 2003. 151 p.
3. Streletskiy D.A., Shiklomanov N.I., Grebenets V.I. Changes of foundation bearing capacity due to climate warming in Northwest Siberia. Kriosfera Zemli. 2012. No. 1, pp. 22–32. (In Russian).
4. Second roshydromet assessment report on climate change and its consequences in Russian Federation. Moscow. 2014. 1007 p.
5. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Geneva: IPCC Secretariat. 2019.
6. Grebenets V., Streletskiy D., Shiklomanov N. Geotechnical safety issues in the cities of Polar Regions. Geography, Environment, Sustainability Journal. 2012. Vol. 5. No. 3, pp. 104–119.
7. Petukhova Zh.G., Petukhov M.V. Successes and problems of the city of Norilsk, built on the latitudes of the Far North in the spread of permafrost. Nauchnyi vestnik Arktiki. 2019. No. 7, pp. 44–46. (In Russian).
8. Nikiforova N.S., Konnov A.V. Influence of permafrost degradation on piles bearing capacity. II All-Russian conference with international participation Deep foundations and geotechnical problems of territories. Perm. 2020.
9. Shkolnik I.M., Efimov S.V. A new generation regional climate model for Northern Eurasia. Trudy glavnoi geofizicheskoi observatorii im. A.I. Voeikova. 2015. Iss. 576, pp. 201–211. (In Russian).
10. Kattsov V.M. et al. Development of a technique for regional climate probabilistic projections over the territory of Russia aimed at building scenarios of climate impacts on economy sectors. Part 1: Task definition and numerical experiments. Trudy glavnoi geofizicheskoi observatorii im. A.I. Voeikova. 2016. Iss. 583, pp. 7–29. (In Russian).
11. Kattsov V.M. et al. Development of a technique for regional climate probabilistic projections over the territory of Russia aimed at building scenarios of climate impacts on economy sectors. Part 2: Climate impact projections. Trudy glavnoi geofizicheskoi observatorii im. A.I. Voeiko-va. 2019. Iss. 593, pp. 6–52. (In Russian).
12. Zepalov F.N. et al. Active-layer Monitoring at a New CALM Site, Taimyr Peninsula, Russia. Proc. of the 9th Intern. Conf. on Permafrost. Fairbanks, Alaska. 2008. Vol. 2, pp. 2037–2042.
13. Demidyuk L.M. Sostav i kriogennoe stroenie porod. V kn.: Geokriologiya SSSR. Srednyaya Sibir’ [Composition and cryogenic structure of soil. In the book: Geocryology of the USSR. Middle Siberia]. Moscow: Nedra. 1989, pp. 176–180.
14. Grebenets V.I., Isakov V.A. Deformations of roads and railways within the Norilsk-Talnakh transportation corridor and the stabilization methods. Kriosfera Zemli. 2016. Vol. XX. No. 2, pp. 69–77. (In Russian).
15. Alekseev A.G., Zorin D.V. On the change in the temperature state of permafrost in the Taimyr district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Fundamenty. 2020. No. 2, pp. 4–7. (In Russian).
16. Tsarapov M.N., Kotov P.I. Physical and mechanical properties frozen soil after thawing. Put’ i putevoe khozyaistvo. 2013. No. 9, pp. 31–34. (In Russian).

When designing modern buildings, great attention is paid to ensuring environmental friendliness and comfort while meeting the requirements for energy conservation. To achieve these effects in the Russian regulatory documents, when calculating natural light and heat gain from solar radiation in the premises of the building, various parameters of filling light gaps are taken into account. One of these parameters is the transmission coefficient of solar radiation, which is equal to the product of the transmission coefficient of the glazing by the coefficient that takes into account the loss of solar radiation in the frames of the window block. The last coefficient is determined by calculation. Obtaining the formula for its calculation was based on lighting modeling. However, at present, calculations on it are difficult due to its bulkiness. In this paper, we adapt this formula for engineering calculations by gradually simplifying it, comparing the calculation results with the original version, and forming the boundaries of its application. The formula includes correction factors presented in tabular form for various sizes of translucent cells of a translucent structure with a fixed thickness of the frame and its reflective properties.

E.V. KORKINA^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.A. SHMAROV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
M.D. TYULENEV², Postgraduate

¹ Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow,127238, Russian Federation)
² National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Zemtsov V., Korkina, E., Zemtsov V. Relative brightness of facades in the L-shaped urban buildings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 896, 012027. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/896/1/012027
2. Solovev A.K. Assessment of indoor lighting using light field theory. Svetotekhnika. 2013. No. 4, pp. 66–68. (In Russian).
3. Mardaljevic J., Hesching L., Lee E. Daylighting metrics and energy savings. Lighting Research & Technology. 2009. Vol. 41 (3), pp. 261–283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153509339703
4. Cheng Sun, Qianqian Liu and Yunsong Han. Many-objective optimization design of a public building for energy, Daylighting and Cost Performance Improvement. Appl. Sci. 2020. Vol. 10 (7), 2435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072435
5. Nguyen P.T.K., Solovyov A.K., Pham T.H.H., Dong K.H. Confirmed method for definition of daylight climate for tropical Hanoi. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 2020. Vol. 982, pp. 35–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19756-8_4
6. Esquivias P.M., Munoz C.M., Acosta I., Moreno D., Navarro J. Climate-based daylight analysis of fixed shading devices in an open-plan office. Lighting Research & Technology. 2016. Vol. 48 (2), pp. 205–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477153514563638
7. Brembilla E., Mardaljevic J. Climate-Based Daylight Modelling for compliance verification: Benchmarking multiple state-of-the-art methods. Building and Environment. 2019. Vol. 158, pp. 151–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.051
8. Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A., Tyulenev M.D. Effectiveness of energy-saving glazing in various climatic zones of Russia. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 869 (7), 072010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/869/7/072010
9. Yunsong Han, Hong Yu, Cheng Sun. Simulation-based multiobjective optimization of timber-glass residential buildings in severe cold regions. Sustainability. 2017. Vol. 9 (12), 2353; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122353
10. Zubarev K.P., Gagarin V.G. Determining the coefficient of mineral wool vapor permeability in vertical position. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 2021. Vol. 1259, pp. 593–600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57453-6_56
11. Zemtsov V.A., Gagarin E.V. Method for calculating the light transmission of window blocks using experimental data on the light transmission of glass. Svetoprozrachnyye konstruktsii. 2010. No. 5–6, pp. 22–25. (In Russian).
12. Korkina E.V. Comprehensive comparison of window blocks by lighting and heat engineering parameters. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 6, pp. 60–62. (In Russian).
13. Shmarov I.A., Zemtsov V.A., Gagarin V.G., Korkina E.V. The influence of light transmission rate energy saving window units for compliance with hygienic requirements. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noy promyshlennosti. 2016. No. 4 (364), pp. 176–181. (In Russian).
14. Kupriyanov, V.N., Khalikova F.R. Transmission of ultraviolet radiation by window panes at different angles of incidence of the beam. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2012. No. 6, pp. 64–65. (In Russian).
15. Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A. Comparative calculation of heat gain and heat loss when replacing double-glazed windows in a building in order to save energy. BST: Byulleten’ stroitel’noi tekhniki. 2018. No. 6 (1006), pp. 52–53. (In Russian).
16. Mardaljevic J., and Christoffersen J.A. Roadmap for upgrading national / EU standards for daylight in buildings. Proceedings of the CIE Centenary Conference. Paris. 2013, pp. 178–187.
17. Stetskii S.V., Larionova K.O. Calculation of natural illumination of rooms with an overhead natural lighting system, taking into account the lighting influence of the surrounding buildings. Vestnik MGSU. 2014. No. 12, pp. 20–30. (In Russian).
18. Esquivias P. M., Moreno D., Navarro J. Solar radiation entering through openings: Coupled assessment of luminous and thermal aspects. Energy and Buildings. 2018. Vol. 175, pp. 208–218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.07.021
19. Gagarin V., Korkina E., Shmarov I., Pastushkov P. Investigation of multifunctional coating on the glass on the spectral transmittance of light. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2015. No. 2 (58), pp. 90–95. (In Russian).
20. Korkina E.V., Shmarov I.A., Gagarin V.G. Classification of coatings of window glass on light transmission. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noi promyshlennosti. 2017. No. 2, pp. 118–124. (In Russian).
21. Zemtsov V.A., Gagarina E.V. Calculation-experimental method determination of the general coefficient light transmission window blocks. Academia. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2010, No. 3, pp. 472–476. (In Russian).
22. Kireev N.N. Method for calculating the light transmission coefficient of skylights without filling. Svetotekhnika. 1975. No. 8, pp. 10–12. (In Russian).
23. Kireev N.N. Analytical method for determining the light transmission of a window block. Svetotekhnika. 1983. No. 7, pp. 3–4. (In Russian).
24. Zemtsov V.A. Issues of design and calculation of natural lighting of premises through mine-type skylights. Svetotekhnika. 1990. No. 10, pp. 25–26. (In Russian).

ode of Rules SP 131.13330 “Construction Climatology” is the main document for structural calculation and design of most construction projects in Russia. Considering that climate changings on the Earth is currently taking place, and the main trend is towards warming, the timely updating of climatic parameters is an important task. The article analyzes changes in climatic parameters, such as different air temperatures, dynamics of precipitation, height and duration of snow cover, tendencies to change in soil temperature in the Arctic regions at different depths from the earth’s surface, etc. Based on the processing of climatic data, the climatic parameters were revised for the period from 1966 to 2019 and changes were made to tables with climatic parameters for the cold and warm periods of the year, average monthly and average annual temperatures and partial pressure, average and maximum amplitudes of daily temperature fluctuations by months, as well as a table with the values of the specific enthalpy and moisture content of air for 17 cities of the Russian Federation, which can be used in the design of air conditioning systems, was developed.

N.P. UMNYAKOVA^1,2, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
I.L. SHUBIN^1,3, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Research Institute of Building Physics, Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)
² Moscow Information and Technological University – Moscow Architectural and Construction Institute (32, bldg. 11, Volgogradsky Driveway, Moscow, 109316, Russian Federation)
³ Russian University of Transport» (9, bldg. 9, Obraztsova Street, Moscow, GSP-4, 127994, Russian Federation)

1. Kotlyakov V.M. On the causes and consequences of modern climate changes. Solnechno-zemnaya fizika. 2012. Vol. 21, pp. 110–114. (In Russian).
2. Lyubomudrov A.A. On the possible cause of global warming on the planet Earth. Innovatsii i investitsii. 2018. No. 10, pp. 201–207. (In Russian).
3. Biktash L.Z. Influence of the total solar radiation flux to the Earth’s climate. Magnetizm i aeronomiya. 2019. Vol. 59. No. 3, pp. 393–399. (In Russian).
4. Lyubechansky I.I. Global climate change. Who is to blame? Novosibirsk: Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS. 2018. 26 p.
5. Stokker T.F., D. Qin J.-K., Plattner M., Tignor S.K. Allen J., Boshung A., Nauels Y., Xia W., Bex V. Izmenenie klimata, 2013 g.: Fizicheskaya nauchnaya osnova. Vklad Rabochei gruppy I v Pyatyi doklad ob otsenke Mezhpravitel’stvennoi gruppy ekspertov po izmeneniyu klimata [Climate Change, 2013: Physical Scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, USA. IPCC, 2013. 204 p.
6. Monin A.S., Shishkov Yu.A. Istoriya klimata [History of climate]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979. 409 p.
7. Bobylev S.N., Gritsevich I.G. Global’noe izmenenie klimata i ekonomicheskoe razvitie [Global climate change and economic development]. Moscow: UNEP, 2005. 64 p.
8. Pomortsev O.A., Kashkarov E.P., Lovelius N.V. Bioclimatic chronology of the Holocene: reconstruction and forecast. Vestnik SVFU. 2015. No. 3, pp. 100–115. (In Russian).
9. Kotlyakov V.M. When will the next ice age come? Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 09.03.2020. (In Russian).
10. Pogrebinskaya V.A. The second industrial revolution. Ekonomicheskii zhurnal. 2005. Iss. 10. (In Russian).
11. Sabaidash M.V. Retrospective analysis of the economic development of Russian seaports (end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century). Vestnik Astrakhanskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta. Seriya:Ekonomika. 2019. Iss. 2, pp. 58–71. (In Russian).
12. Monin A.S., Shishkov Yu.A. Climate as a problem of physics. Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. 2000. Vol. 170. No. 4, pp. 419–447. (In Russian).
13. Vinogradov Yu.E., Strebkov D.S. Energy balance of the Earth and climate change. Innovatsii v sel’skom khozyaistve. 2016. No. 5 (20), pp. 446–457. (In Russian).
14. Gosudarstvennyi doklad «O sostoyanii i okhrane okruzhayushchei sredy v Rossiiskoi Federatsii v 2019 godu» [State report “On the state and Protection of the Environment in the Russian Federation in 2019”]. Moscow: Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, 2020. 1846 p.
15. Doklad ob osobennostyakh klimata naterritorii RossiiskoiFederatsii za 2019 god [Report on the peculiarities of the climate in the territory of the Russian Federation for 2019]. Moscow: Rosgidromet. 2020. 97 p.
16. Doklad ob osobennostyakh klimata na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2020 god [Report on the peculiarities of the climate in the territory of the Russian Federation for 2020]. Moscow: Rosgidromet. 2021. 104 p.
17. Obzor sostoyaniya i zagryazneniiokruzhayushchei sredy v Rossiiskoi Federatsii v 2019 godu [Review of the state and pollution of the surrounding environment in the Russian Federation in 2019]. Moscow: Rosgidromet. 2020. 247 p.

The relevance of the research is related to the need to have information about the calculated parameters of the outdoor climate when designing systems for providing microclimate of civil buildings and the incompleteness of such data in the main regulatory document of the Russian Federation in this area – SP 131.13330.2018. The subject of research is the principles of choosing the enthalpy of outdoor air in the warm period of the year with increased security for the calculation of air conditioning systems. The purpose of the study is to obtain a method for calculating the calculated enthalpy of outdoor air in the warm period of the year, taking into account only the data in table 4.1 of SP 131 with a security exceeding the set for parameters “B”. The task of the study is to identify correlations for climate parameters that are essential for the considered method, and to construct a calculation formula for the enthalpy of outdoor air depending on its accepted temperature. A combination of probabilistic and statistical approach with basic relations of thermodynamics of humid air is used, which allows us to obtain an analytical expression for the enthalpy of the outdoor air supply in excess of adopted for parameters “B”, just within the territory of the Russian Federation. Correlations between the relative humidity content of outdoor air and the difference between the average temperature of the warmest month and the temperature according to the “B” parameters are given, as well as for the correction coefficient to the calculation formula obtained by comparing its results with the map data in The Appendix to the SP, and the accuracy of this coefficient is estimated. It is proved that in conditions close to the parameters “B” and higher, the moisture content of outdoor air when calculating its enthalpy can be assumed independent of security.

O.D. SAMARIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Umnyakova N.P. Climatic parameters of typical year for thermal engineering calculations. BST: Byulleten’ stroitel’noy tekhniki. 2016. No. 8 (984), pp. 48–51. (In Russian).
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An overview of postmodern architecture is given on the example of urban multi-storey residential buildings in large cities in various regions of Russia. On the example of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk, the main directions of architectural search within the framework of postmodernism are revealed. Postmodernism in the early 1990s replaced the typification and standardization of modernism, and it still remains relevant and in demand. Architects strive to find their own individual tools of figurative expression. The article reveals stylistic features, compositional techniques, figurative characteristics, building materials, color solutions with which an artistic result is achieved. It has been established that postmodernism is quite a popular direction among customers and architects when designing residential buildings at the beginning of the XXI century. Various interpretations and references to the architecture of the post-war years appear everywhere. Neoclassicism, neoar deco cope with the task of giving representativeness to modern urban dwellings. To a greater extent, such directions of postmodernism are used as historicism and partial historicism from six directions, which were identified in postmodernism by the theorist of architecture Ch. Jenks. For 30 years, postmodernism in Russian architecture has been coping with the task of figurative expressiveness and bringing an aesthetic component to projects.

E.O. SHIROKOVA, Master of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (65, Il’inskaya Street, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation)

1. Ivashchenko V.A. Postmodernism v arhitekture ХХ veka [Postmodernism in 20th century architectu-re]. Saratov: Saratovskii istochnik. 2020, pp. 129–138.
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4. Khudin A.A. Similarities and differences between postmodernism in foreign and Russian architectu-re. Privolzhskii nauchnyi zhurnal. 2014. No. 1, pp. 89–93. (In Russian).
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6. Khudin A.A. Architecture of urban dwelling houses of the postmodern era abroad. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 8, pp. 30–33. (In Russian).
7. Khudin A.A. Postmodernism in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg: similarities and differences. Privolzhskii nauchnyi zhurnal. 2015. No. 3, pp. 161–165. (In Russian).
8. Orel’skaya O.V. Stylistic vector of the latest regional architecture (on the example of Nizhny Novgorod). Collection of scientific works of RAACES. Moscow. 2019. Vol. 1, pp. 121–138. (In Russian). DOI: 10.22337/9785432303080-121-138
9. Khan-Magomedov S.O. «Stalinskiy ampir»: problemy, techeniya, mastera. Arkhitektura stalinskoi epokhi: Opyt istoricheskogo osmysleniya [“Stalinist Empire”: problems, trends, masters. Arkhitektura stalinskoi epokhi: Opyt istoricheskogo osmysleniya]. Moscow: KomKniga, 2010. 24 р.
10. Orel’skaya O.V. The influence of the works of I.V. Zholtovsky on the architecture of Nizhny Novgorod in the mid and late twentieth century. Vestnik Volzhskogo regional’nogo otdeleniya rossiiskoi akademii arkhitektury i stroitel’nykh nauk. 2012. No. 1, pp. 51–63. (In Russian).
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