The authors carried out full-scale tests of the external wall panels of the BKR-2C series three-dimensional block with flexible connections to determine the thermal protection characteristics. Conclusions have been drawn about the need to increase the energy efficiency class of buildings made of load-bearing three-dimensional blocks both at the design stage and at the construction stage. It is shown that the primary task is to increase the coefficient of thermal-technical uniformity to 0.8-0.9. To achieve a high degree of uniformity of the structure, it is possible to replace solid expanded clay concrete dowels and stiffeners with flexible connections made of composite or steel reinforcement. A theoretical model of two-dimensional and three-dimensional thermal field of an external wall panel with discrete and flexible connections is presented. Design and microenvironment parameters are set. Design heat-conducting inclusions have been introduced to calculate high accuracy in the software package. The authors obtained data on the efficiency of switching to reinforcement connections. The transition to flexible connections will make it possible to reduce the number of thermal bridges and heat-conducting inclusions, as well as increase the energy saving class to B-high and the energy efficiency class to C-increased.

V.T. IVANCHENKO, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.V. KLIMENKO, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.V. BASOV (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Kuban State Technological University (2, Moskovskaya Street, Krasnodar, 350072, Russian Federation)

1. Kornienko S.V. Improving the thermal protection of wall structures of buildings from combined blocks. Stroitel’stvo unikal’nykh zdanii i sooruzhenii. 2016. No. 8, pp. 17–30. (In Russian).
2. Teshev I.D., Korostelеva G.K., Popova M.A. Volumetric-block housing construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 3, pp. 26–33. (In Russian).
3. Teshev I.D., Shchedrin Yu.G. Modernization of bulk-block housing construction plants. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2016. No. 3, pp. 10–13. (In Russian).
4. Alizade S.A. Volumetric-block housing construction: experience and prospects of development. Arkhitektura i dizain. 2017. No. 1, pp. 38–52. (In Russian).
5. Nikolaev V.N., Stepanova V.F., Demina T.G. Composite diagonal flexible connections for three-layer concrete panels – panel housing construction of a new level. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 10, pp. 33–37. (In Russian).
6. Trishchenko I.V., Kaklyugin A.V., Kastornykh L.I. On evaluation of investment efficiency at the stage of implementation of research results. Inzhenernyi vestnik Dona. 2019. No. 2. URL: ivdon.ru/ru/magazine/archive/n2y2019/5745 (Accessed: 02.03.2020)
7. Granovsky A.V. Seismic resistance of three-layer wall panels on flexible fiberglass ties. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2018. No. 3, pp. 36–40. (In Russian).
8. Khorokhordin A.M., Usachev A.M., Korotkov D.N. Comparative evaluation of mechanical properties of polymer composite reinforcement. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 7, pp. 71–75. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31659/0585-430X-2018-761-7-71-75.
9. Kastornykh L.I., Detochenko I.A., Arinina E.S. Features of the technology of reinforced concrete products made of special concrete. Materials of the scientific and practical conference “Construction and Architecture-2017”. Rostov-on-Don. 2017, pp. 64–69. (In Russian).
10. Granovsky A.V. Seismic resistance of three-layer wall panels on flexible fiberglass ties. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2018. No. 3, pp. 36–40. (In Russian).
11. Kastornykh L.I., Cherepanov V.D. Options for reinforcing three-layer wall panels with composite reinforcement. Molodoi issledovatel’ Dona. 2018. No. 3 (24), pp. 33–41. (In Russian).
12. Stepanova V.F., Falikman V.R., Buchkin A.V. Problems and prospects of using composites in construction. Actual issues of theory and practice of application of composite reinforcement in construction. Collection of materials of the III scientific and technical conference. Izhevsk. 2017, pp. 55–72. (In Russian).

The article deals with the issue of compliance of the provisions of the regulatory documents in the field of construction in force on the territory of the Russian Federation (in terms of requirements for windows) with modern consumer requirements for such structures. Based on the analysis conducted, it was found that at present, the current Russian regulatory documents contain requirements only for certain technical and operational characteristics of windows. At the same time, they often do not meet both the current level of development of the window industry and modern consumer requirements for such structures. According to a number of indicators, the requirements for windows are not presented at all in the current regulations. The revealed circumstances are the cause of a number of typical problems that arise with windows at the stage of their design, installation and operation. To solve them, it is necessary to develop a specialized set of rules for the design of windows, and the design documentation for capital construction projects must include materials for a comprehensive description of of translucent structures, as well as for the justification of each technical and operational characteristics. To develop such a set of rules, it is required to first perform a scientific substantiation of a number of key issues related to the operation of the window in the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation as an enclosing element of the building, which are not reflected in the current regulations. The necessity of updating the regulatory framework for window structures is justified. For this purpose, a new edition of GOST 23166–2021 «Window and balcony translucent enclosing constructions. General specifications» as a necessary preparatory stage for the development of a specialized set of rules for window design.

A.P. KONSTANTINOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.Y. OKULOV², Engineer, Head of Technical Department

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² VEKA Rus LLC (10, Dorozhnaya Street, Gubtsevo village, Pervomayskoye settlement, Moscow, 143396, Russian Federation)

1. Melnikova I., Boriskina I. Modern translucent structures in multistory residential buildings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. 022021. DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/365/2/022021
2. Boriskina I.V., Shvedov N.V., A. Plotnikov A.A. Sovremennye svetoprozrachnye konstrukcii grazhdanskih zdanij. Spravochnik proektirovshchika. Tom II. Okonnye sistemy iz PVH [Modern translucent structures of civil buildings. Handbook of the designer. Vol. II. PVC Window systems]. Saint-Petersburg: NIUPC «Mezhregional’nyj institut okna». 2012. 320 p.
3. Baharev D.V., Zimnovich I.A. About light transmission of windows. Svetotekhnika. 2007. No. 5, pp. 4–8. (In Russian).
4. Zemtsov V.A., Gagarina E.V. Calculation-experimental method determination of the general coefficient light transmission window blocks. ACADEMIA. Arhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2010. No. 3, pp. 472–476. (In Russian).
5. Stetsky S.V., Larionova K.O. To a problem of insolations lasting for residential premises, furnished with balconies and loggias. Innovatsii i investitsii. 2021. No. 2, pp. 231–233. (In Russian).
6. Stetsky S.V., Larionova K.O. Assessment of the insolation duration for the facades of buildings and adjacent territories under certain parameters of their development. Light and Engineering. 2021. Vol. 29. No. 5 (1), pp. 28–34. DOI: 10.33383/2021-069
7. Verkhovsky A.A., Konstantinov A.P., Smirnov V.A. Standardization and requirements of normative documentation for curtain walls in the Russian Federation. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 6, pp. 35–40. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-6-35-40
8. Stratiy P.V., Stanovov I.A. The influence of the glazing ratio of a façade on the energy efficiency. Vestnik tihookeanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2017. No. 4 (47), pp. 105–114. (In Russian).
9. Verkhovsky A.A., Zimin A.N., Potapov S.S. The applicability of modern translucent walling for the climatic regions of Russia. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 6, рp. 16–19. (In Russian).
10. Savin V.K., Savina N.V. Architecture and energy efficiency of a window. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstrukciya. 2015. No. 4 (60), pp. 124–130. (In Russian).
11. Korkina E.V. Criterion of efficiency of glass units replacing in the building with the purpose of energy saving. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 6–9. (In Russian).
12. Datsyuk T.A., Grimitlin A.M. The effect of the enclosing structure air permeability value on the energy consumption of residential building. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2017. No. 6 (65), рp. 182–187. (In Russian).
13. Konstantinov A.P., Verkhovsky A.A. Air permeability of modern pvc and aluminum window blocks. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 4, pp. 39–45. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-4-39-45
14. Ledenev V.I., Matveeva I.V., Fedorova O.O. On complex studies of window fillings as elements of the building envelope according to the conditions for ensuring their lighting, insolation, thermal, noise regimes and electromagnetic safety in civil buildings. Privolzhskii nauchnyi zhurnal. 2017. No. 1 (41), pp. 20–26. (In Russian).
15. Kryshov S.I. Sound insulation problems of buildings under construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 6, pp. 8–10. (In Russian).
16. Sayfutdinova A.M., Kupriyanov V.N. Qualitative characteristics of air exchange of premises and their dependence on space-planning and constructive solutions of buildings. Izvestiya Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2014. No. 1 (27), pp. 113–118. (In Russian).
17. Datsyuk T.A. Air quality in buildings with natural ventilation. Santekhnika, otoplenie, konditsionirovanie. 2016. No. 1 (169), pp. 78–81. (In Russian).
18. Konstantinov A.P., Krutov A.A., Tikhomirov A.M. Assessment of the PVC windows thermal characteristics in winter. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 8, pp. 65–72. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-773-8-65-72
19. Bogoslovskij V.N. Stroitel’naja teplofizika (teplofizicheskie osnovy otoplenija, ventiljacii i kondicionirovanija vozduha) [Construction thermophysics (thermophysical fundamentals of heating, ventilation and air conditioning)]. Saint-Petersburg: AVOK Severo-Zapad. 2006. 400 p. (In Russian).
20. Lobanov V.A. Problems of normalizing the air permeability of translucent building structures. Energy saving and ecology in construction and utilities sector, transport and industrial ecology: International conference. Moscow. 2010, pp. 101–108. (In Russian).
21. Savin V.K. Stroitel’naya fizika: energoperenos, energoeffektivnost’, energosberezhenie [Construction physics: energy transfer, energy efficiency, energy saving]. Moscow: Lazur’. 2008. 480 p. (In Russian).
22. Konstantinov A., Verkhovsky A. Assessment of the negative temperatures influence on the PVC windows air permeability. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2020. Vol. 753. 022092. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/753/2/022092
23. Verkhovskiy A., Bryzgalin V., Lyubakova E. Thermal deformation of window for climatic conditions of Russia. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. Vol. 463. 032048. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/463/3/032048

A structural frame-panel diagram of buildings, including a load-bearing frame of racks, beams and floor slabs, is presented. Retaining walls are made of wall panels. The high quality of the structures is ensured by the introduction of the maximum tolerances used in mechanical engineering into the construction design documentation. Buildings are able to withstand an earthquake of 9 points on the Richter scale without destruction, increased wind and snow loads. The structures of buildings under maximum impact can deform, bend, but not collapse, like reinforced concrete or brick buildings. This guarantees the safety of life and health of people. The combination of characteristics and properties of this architectural and construction system, design and construction experience, make it possible to recommend this direction for wide application in the implementation of a comprehensive program of mass suburban and low-rise housing construction, renovation of existing low-rise buildings, as well as the transformation of suburban settlements into cottage.

E.F. FILATOV, Head of Construction Laboratory (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

LLC “Specialized developer Bryansk Construction Trust” (1, bldg. 11, Bezhitskaya Street, Bryansk, 241007, Russian Federation)

. Bessonov I.V., Zhukov A.D., Bobrova E.Yu. Building systems and features of the use of thermal insulation materials. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing construction]. 2015. No. 7, pp. 49–52. (In Russian).
2. Zhukov A.D., Ter-zAkaryan K.A., Bessonov I.V., Semenov V.S., Starostin A.V. Insulation systems of frame cottages. Academia. Architecture and construction. 2019. No. 1, pp. 122–127. (In Russian).
3. Ivanova N.A. The main directions of prospects for the development of housing construction at the local level. Moscow Economic Journal. 2018. No. 4, pp. 65–74. (In Russian).
4. RF Patent 2233367. Domokomplekt sbornogo karkasno–panel’nogo zdaniya [Domokomplekt prefabricated frame-panel building]. Sobolev V.M., Golovchenko A.I., Lunin E.M. Declared 23.06.2003. Publ. 27.04.2004. Bulletin No. 21. (In Russian).
5. Patent of the Russian Federation 2166035. Sbornoe mezhduetazhnoe perekrytie [Prefabricated floor-to-floor overlap]. Sobolev V.M., Golovchenko A.I. Declared 11.10.2000. Publ. 27.04. 2001. Bulletin No. 12. (In Russian).
6. Patent of the Russian Federation 2206683. Kraevoi profil’ opalubochnykh shchitov [The edge profile of formwork boards]. Sobolev V.M., Golovchenko A.I., Baranov S.A., Panov V.N., Geraskin A.V., Zhukov O.V., Maidanov E.A. Declared 23.11.2001. Publ. 20.06.2003. Bulletin No. 17. (In Russian).
7. RF Patent 2215856. Derevometallicheskii stroitel’nyi element [Wood-metal building element]. Sobolev V.M., Golovchenko A.I., Lunin E.M. Declared 8.10.2002. Publ. 10.11.2003. Bulletin No. 31. (In Russian).
8. Patent RF 34577 na poleznuyu model’ [for a utility model]. Metalloderevyannyi stroitel’nyi element [Metal-wood construction element]. Sobolev V.M., Golovchenko A.I., Lunin E.M. Declared 23.06.2003. Publ. 10.12.2003. Bulletin No. 34. (In Russian).
9. Patent RF 49066 na poleznuyu model’ [for a utility model]. Universal’naya modul’naya opalubka [Universal modular formwork]. Sobolev V.M., Golovchenko A.I., Lunin E.M. Declared 08.09.2004. Publ. 10.11.2005. Bulletin No. 31. (In Russian).
10. Sobolev V.M., Bobrov Yu.V. Domestic architectural and construction system “Elevit”: safe, earthquake-resistant, energy-efficient, reliable. Bezopasnost’ truda v promyshlennosti. 2007. No. 11, pp. 53–55. (In Russian).
11. Ter-ZAkaryan K.A., Zhukov A.D. Insulating shell of low-rise buildings. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 8, pp. 15–18. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-8-15-18
12. Fiskind E.S., Sorokina E.L., Sorokin Ya.N., Kusti-kova Yu.O. Low-rise construction of houses made of aerated concrete in the Moscow region. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 10, pp. 43–48. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-10-43-48
13. Filatov E.F. Growing manor houses – an important direction of solving the housing problem in Russia. Zhilishchnoe stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 12, pp. 47–52. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-12-47-52

The main scientific, educational and methodological works, as well as production achievements of employees of the Department of Geotechnics and the Center of Geotechnologies of SPbGASU over the past 20 years on reconstruction and new construction in St. Petersburg are presented. Some technical data on the surveyed, designed and built with their participation objects of the city are briefly presented.

R.A. MANGUSHEV, Corresponding Member of RAACS, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Professor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, Saint-Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)

список

The architectonic features of the age of modernism objects are considered on the example of the Kuzbass localities and their division into three historical periods, characterized by a common genesis and nature of architecture, is proposed. The period of early modernism (20–30s of the twentieth century) is conditionally characterized by the “house-communa” concept. The period of mature modernism (40–50s of the twentieth century) is distinguished by the Stalinist Empire style, inherent, first of all, in the city business center. The period of late modernism (60–70s of the twentieth century) is characterized by the typification of buildings, the unification of structures and the rejection of “excesses” in architecture. The problems of modern methodology in the evaluation and methods of the cultural heritage sites maintenance, caused by differences in the approaches of the “engineering” and “architectural” scientific schools, are outlined. The necessity of constant monitoring and maintenance of the cultural heritage sites and, especially, architectural monuments of the Soviet avant-garde belonging to the period of early modernism is shown. Experimental studies of the most characteristic objects for the marked periods have been carried out and their space-planning and architectonic features have been determined. An algorithm of measures for the objects of cultural heritage maintenance of the age of modernism has been developed, including a sequential order of actions. Their grouping is proposed, highlighting the visual and instrumental examination of the object, determining the structural and design diagrams of its elements, assessing its technical condition, developing recommendations for the object maintenance and carrying out repair and restoration work.

E.A. BLAGINYH, Candidate of Sciences (Architecture) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.Yu. STOLBOUSHKIN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
Zh.M. CHEREDNICHENKO, Architect engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Siberian State Industrial University (42, Kirova Street, Novokuznetsk, 654007, Russian Federation)

1. Merkulova S.I., Kuznetsov V.A. Design features of old buildings. AUDITORIUM. Electronic scientific journal of Kursk State University. 2018. No. 2 (18), pp. 85–90. (In Russian).
2. Grabovoi P.G., Kharitonov V.A. Rekonstrukcija i obnovlenie slozhivshejsja zastrojki goroda [Reconstruction and renovation of the existing development of the city]. Moscow: ASV, Realproject. 2006. 623 p.
3. Quiel S.E., Naito C.J., Fallon C.T. A non-emulative moment connection for progressive collapse resistance in precast concrete building frames. Eng. Struct. 2019. Vol. 179, pp. 174–188.
4. Shtovba S.D., Pankevych O.D. Fuzzy technology-based cause detection of structural cracks of stone buildings. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on ICT in Education, Research and Industrial Applications. Integration, Harmonization and Knowledge Transfer. Kyiv, 2018. Vol. I: Main Conference, pp. 209–218.
5. Tsai M.H. An Approximate Analytical Formulation for the Rise-Time Effect on Dynamic Structural Response Under Column Loss. Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 2018. Vol. 18. No. 03. С. 1850038.
6. Normandine Kyle, Susan MacDonald. Colloquium on Promoting Contemporary Heritage Conservation Practices. Getty Conservation Institute. Los Angeles, 2013: http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/colloquium_report.html (date accessed: 03.06.2018).
7. Volskaya L.N. Arhitekturno-gradostroitel’naja kul’tura Sibiri [Architectural and urban planning culture of Siberia]. Part 1. Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk. state un-t of architecture, design and arts., 2015. 236 p.
8. Zakharova I.V. Arhitekturnoe nasledie Kuzbassa 1910–1930-h gg. [Architectural heritage of Kuzbass 1910–1930 s.] / Code of architectural monuments of the Kemerovo region. Kemerovo: ARF. 2005. 103 p.
9. Kashevarova G.G., Tonkov Yu.L. Intelligent technologies in the inspection of building structures. Stroitel’nye nauki. 2018, pp. 92–99. DOI: 10.22337 / 2077-9038-2018-1-92-99. (In Russian).
10. Androsova N.B., Vetrova O.A. Analysis of research and requirements for the protection of buildings and structures from progressive collapse in the legislative and regulatory documents of Russia and the countries of the European Union. Construction and reconstruction. 2019. Vol. 81. No. 1, pp. 85–96. (In Russian).
11. Susan MacDonald, Sheridan Burke, Sara Lardinois, and Chandler McCoy. Recent efforts in conserving 20th-century heritage. The Getty Conservation Institute’s Conserving Modern Architecture Initiative (2018), pp. 62–75.
12. Adam J.M., etc. Research and practice on progressive collapse and robustness of building structures in the 21st century. Eng. Struct. 2018. Vol. 173. No. March, pp. 122–149.
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The relevance of the study is the need to have information on the estimated parameters of the outdoor climate in the design of HVAC systems in civil buildings, and with the incompleteness of such data mainly normative document of the Russian Federation in this area – SP 131.13330.2018 that becomes significant when the observed climate warming. The subject of the study is the principles of choosing the outdoor air temperature in the warm period of the year with increased security for the calculation of air conditioning systems. The purpose of the study is to obtain a method for calculating the calculated temperature in the warm period of the year, taking into account only the data in Table 4.1 of SP 131, with any security required by the customer exceeding the one set for parameters “B”. The research objective is to construct approximate relations for the outdoor temperature depending on its required availability and to obtain the values of the parameters included in these relations for specific construction areas. Materials and research methods used. A combination of probabilistic-statistical approach to the theory of approximation of functions by generalized polynomials is used, which allows to obtain an analytical expression for the calculated ambient air temperature when security exceeding adopted for the parameters “B” are applicable to all settlements within the territory of the Russian Federation. The results of the research. The forms of dependence for settlement temperature of external air from its security in the form of the exponential function gives correct results when the limit values of parameters based on the analysis of data on the number of hours standing outside temperature in the area of construction. The results of the corresponding calculations for the climatic conditions of Moscow and some other Russian cities and their comparison with the author’s data obtained earlier on the basis of the probability-statistical model are presented. It is proved that the power dependence provides values that exactly correspond to the data in Table 4.1 of SP 131 at the normalized level of security, including for the absolute maximum temperature.

O.D. SAMARIN, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Malyavina E.G., Samarin O.D. Stroitel’naya teplofizika i mikroklimat zdanii [Construction thermophysics and microclimate of buildings]. Moscow: MISI-MGSU. 2018. 288 p.
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3. Kobysheva N.V., Klyuyeva M.V., Kulagin D.A. Climatic risks of city heat supply. Trudy Glavnoy geofizicheskoy observatorii im. A.I. Voeykova. 2015. No. 578, pp. 75–85. (In Russian)
4. Naji S., Alengaram U.J., Jumaat M.Z, Shamshirband S., Basser H., Keivani A., Petkoviс´ D. Application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy methodology for estimating building energy consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016. Vol. 53, pp. 1520–1528.
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8. Malyavina E.G., Lyong F.V. Choice of the outdoor air design temperature and enthalpy according to the given provisions. SOK. 2017. No. 12 (192), pp. 74–76. (In Russian).
9. Guzhov S.V., Penkin P.A. Method of calculating the need for heat energy by Anadyr city. SOK. 2019. No. 12 (214), pp. 78–79. (In Russian).
10. Samarin O.D., Kirushok D.A. Estimation of external climatic parameters for air treatment with indirect evaporative cooling in plate heat recovery units. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 4, pp. 41–43. (In Russian).
11. Samarin O.D. The probabilistic-statistical modeling of the external climate in the cooling period. Magazine of civil engineering. 2017. No. 5, pp. 62–69.

The article is a continuation of the research devoted to the formation of industrial methods of residential construction in Leningrad. At the end of the 1950s, it was decided to build economical, prefabricated residential buildings to provide the population with housing in the required volumes. Previous construction methods could not solve the problem of rapid resettlement of the population from houses, barracks, communal apartments dilapidated by the war. During the period under review, there were searches for residential series solutions that meet economic and technological requirements. The first experimental quarters of industrial housing construction erected in St. Petersburg, as well as typologies of serial large-panel housing construction of the late 1950s – 1960s, are described. Despite the fact that industrial methods were used earlier, the task of mass construction of such facilities was never set. It was necessary not only to change the apartments layout of residential buildings, but also to rebuild the entire building complex to solve this problem. In the 1950s – 1960s, there were searches for rational and economically justified solutions for the implementation of the construction process, which were adopted by design institutes and implemented at housing and communal services plants and construction sites. The distinctive features of the residential buildings used, and the areas of their predominant placement on the territory of Leningrad are given.

M.V. ZOLOTAREVA, Candidate of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.V. PONOMAREV, Architect (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., тел. +79219930982)

Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering(4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya ul., Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)

1. Bitukheeva G.F. Historical development of the social town of Targan in Prokopyevsk. Modern problems of the history and theory of architecture. Collection of materials of the V All-Russian scientific and Practical conference of SPbGASU. 2019, pp. 95–98.
2. Kazakova O.V. On the origins of typical panel housing construction in the USSR. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2008. No. 11, pp. 13–18. (In Russian).
3. Questions of housing construction. Arkhitektura Leningrada. 1938. No. 1, pp. 34–40. (In Russian).
4. Konisheva E.V., Meerovich M.G. Ernst May i proektirovanie sotsgorodov v godi pervih piatiletok (na primere Magnitogorska) [Ernst May and the design of social cities in the years the first five-year plans (on the example of Magnitogorsk)]. Saint Petersburg: Lenand. 2012. 224 p.
5. Levinson E.A., Goldgor D.S. Quarters of experimental large-panel houses. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Leningrada. 1956. No. 2, pp. 12–15. (In Russian).
6. Denisova Yu.V. Problems of housing construction in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 8, pp. 27–36. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-8-27-36
7. Alexandrov G.I., Shprits A.V. From the practice of large-panel housing construction. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Leningrada. 1958. No. 2, pp. 16–18. (In Russian).
8. Kurbatov Yu.I. Petrograd. Leningrad. Sankt-Peterburg: Arkhitekturno-gradostroitel’nye uroki [Petrograd. Leningrad. St. Petersburg: Architectural and urban planning lessons]. Saint Petersburg: Iskusstvo SPb. 2008. 280 p.
9. Zolotareva M.V. Volumetric and spatial features of the Malaya Okhta development in Leningrad (1920–1940-ies). Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 1–2, pp. 67–70. (In Russian).
10. Ponomarev A.V. The first experimental quarters of large-panel housing construction in Leningrad. Reports of the scientific and practical conference “Modern problems of history and theory of architecture”. Saint Petersburg: SPbGASU. 2015, pp. 115–122.
11. Zavarikhin S.P. Modern construction in the historical center of St. Petersburg. Reports of the scientific and practical conference “Modern problems of history and theory of architecture”. Saint Petersburg: SPbGASU. 2015, pp. 115–122. (In Russian).
12. Shass Yu. Quarters of large-panel houses in Leningrad. Arkhitektura SSSR. 1958. No. 5, pp. 32–40. (In Russian).
13. Kazakova O.V. About the origins of typical panel housing construction in the USSR. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2008. No. 11, pp. 13–18. (In Russian).
14. Zhuk A.V., Matusevich N.Z., Kolker Ya.G. The project of a residential building with walls made of aerated concrete blocks. Byulleten’ tekhnicheskoi informatsii Lenproekta. 1959. No. 1, pp. 7–12. (In Russian).
15. Makhrovskaya A.V. Rekonstruktsiya starykh zhilykh raionov krupnykh gorodov. Na primere Leningrada [Reconstruction of old residential areas of large cities. On the example of Leningrad]. Leningrad: Stroyizdat, 1986. 352 p.

Taking into account the scientific and practical positions, the construction of individual residential houses from factory-made house kits is considered. The practical basis for the publication was the construction of the first panel-monolithic two-storey residential building in the Moscow Region. The author touches the key issues of the use of panel structures in low-rise housing construction. Including the possibility of eliminating seams between panels. The issues of all-season construction are widely described. Constructive solutions for the construction of cottages from factory-made house kits are given. Attention is paid to the modularity of finishing materials for exterior decoration of houses. On the Basis of photographic material, fragments of the construction of the first panel-monolithic house are shown. The economic assessment of the construction of panel-monolithic houses makes it possible to consider that this type of construction can create a competitive niche in the construction of cheap prefabricated and high-quality low-rise housing.

S.V. NIKOLAEV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Honored Builder of the Russian Federation, Scientific Supervisor (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

AO «TSNIIEP zhilishcha – institute for complex design of residential and public buildings» (AO «TSNIIEP zhilishcha»)(9, bldg. 3, Dmitrovskoe Highway, Moscow, 127434, Russian Federation)

1. Nikolaev S.V. Construction of low-rise housing from house sets of factory production. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 5, pp. 3–8. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-5-3-8
2. Shmelev S.E. Myths and truth about monolithic and precast housing construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 3, pp. 40–42. (In Russian).
3. Nikolaev S.V., Shreiber A.K., Etenko V.P. Panel and frame housing construction – a new stage of development of efficiency. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 2, pp. 3–7. (In Russian).
4. Melnikova I.B. New means of expressiveness of multi-storey multi-sectional residential buildings. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2015. No. 20, pp. 86–89. (In Russian).
5. Davidyuk A.N., Nesvetaev G.V. Large-panel housing construction – an important provision for solving the housing problem In Russia. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2013. No. 3, pp. 24–26. (In Russian).
6. Peterschuk V.A., Petsontd T.M. Residential houses of a new generation. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2017. No. 7, pp. 58–60. (In Russian).
7. Pilipenko V.M. Prospects for the development of modern industrial housing construction in Belarus. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo. 2007. No. 7, pp. 55–57. (In Russian).
8. Nikolaev S.V. Architectural and urban planning system of panel-frame housing construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2016. No. 3, pp. 15–25. (In Russian).
9. Sokolov B.S., Zenin S.A. Analysis of the regulatory base for designing reinforced concrete structures. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 3, pp. 4–12. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-768-3-4-10

Cone penetration testing of soils with probes equipped with additional sensors and devices makes it possible to simultaneously perform two or more different types of soil tests in the conditions of their natural bedding in the express mode, without additional costs and increasing the duration. Such probes include a tip with an additional lateral pressure module (usually includes full and pore pressure sensors). The article presents the results of experimental studies on the use of lateral stress measurements by the LS-module to determine the parameters of the natural stress state of clay soils (the coefficient of lateral pressure at rest, the effective pre-compaction stress, the over-compaction stress, the overconsolidation ratio, the natural total and effective horizontal stress in the soil). In the experiments, a LS-module with three pairs of sensors located in areas with different diameters was used. The results of a statistical analysis of the relationships between the LS-module parameters (twenty-six direct and derived types were considered) and the natural stress state of clay soils are presented. It is shown that the coefficient of lateral pressure at rest, the overconsolidation ratio, the natural effective horizontal stress in the soil are determined with the greatest accuracy. The empirical dependences recommended for practical use in geotechnical surveys and calculations, including in software packages implementing numerical methods (PLAXIS, MIDAS GTS, Z-Soil, etc.) are given.

O.N. ISAEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.F. SHARAFUTDINOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)
D.S. ZAKATOV, Master

Research Institute of Bases and Underground Structures (NIIOSP) named after N.M. Gersevanov, JSC “Research Center of Construction” (59, Ryazansky Avenue, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)

1. Болдырев Г.Г. Руководство по интерпретации данных испытаний методами статического и динамического зондирования для геотехнического проектирования. М.: ООО «Прондо», 2017. 476 с.
1. Boldyrev G.G. Rukovodstvo po interpretacii dannyh ispytanij metodami staticheskogo i dinamicheskogo zondirovanija dlja geotehnicheskogo proektirovanija [Guide to the interpretation of test data by static and dynamic sensing methods for geotechnical design]. Moscow: Prondo. 2017. 476 p.
2. Рыжков И.Б., Исаев О.Н. Статическое зондирование грунтов. М.: АСВ, 2010. 496 с.
2. Ryzhkov I.B., Isaev O.N. Staticheskoe zondirovanie gruntov [Cone penetration testing of soils]. Moscow: ASV. 2010. 496 p.
3. Ryzhkov I.B., Isaev O.N. Cone penetration testing of soils in geotechnics. Stockholm, Sweden: Bokforlaget Efron & Dotter AB, 2016. 385 p.
4. Lunne T., Robertson P.K., Powell J.J.M. Cone penetration testing in geotechnical practice. London and New York: Spon Press. 2004. 312 p.
5. Bayne J.M., Tjelta T.I., Advanced cone penetrometer development for in-situ testing at Gulfaks C. Proceedings Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, USA, 1987. Paper No. 5420, pp. 531–540.
6. Campanella R.G., Sully J.P., Greig J.W., Jolly G. Research and development of a lateral stress piezocone. Transportation Research Record. 1990, No. 1278, pp. 215–224, URL: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1990/1278/1278-026.pdf
7. Howie J.A., Campanella R.G., Rivera Cruz I. Evaluation of the UBC lateral stress module. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Las Vegas, USA. 2014, pp. 497–505.
8. Huntsman S.R. Determination of in-situ lateral pressure of cohesionless soils by static cone penetrometer. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, USA. 1985.
9. Huntsman S.R., Mitchell J.K., Klejbuk L.W.Jr., Shinde S.B. Lateral stress measurement during cone penetration. Proceedings of the Conference of Use of In-Situ Tests in Geotechnical Engineering, Blacksburg, VA, USA. 1986, pp. 617–634.
10. Masood T. Determination of lateral earth pressure in soils by in-situ measurement. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, USA. 1990.
11. Sully J.P., Campanella R.G. Measurement of lateral stress in cohesive soils by full-displacement in-situ test methods. Transportation Research Record. 1990, 1278, pp. 164–171. URL: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1990/1278/1278-021.pdf
12. Sully J.P., Campanella R.G. Effect of lateral stress on CPT penetration pore pressures. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. ASCE. 1991. No. 117 (7), pp. 1082–1088.
13. Takesue K., Isano T. Development and application of a lateral stress cone. Proceedings of the International Conference on In-situ Measurement of Soils Properties and Case Histories. Bali, India. 2001, pp. 623–629.
14. Tseng Dar-Jen. Prediction of cone penetration resistance and its application to liquefaction assessment. Ph. D. Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, USA. 1989.
15. Vlasblom A. The electrical penetrometer; a historical account of its development. LGM. Mededelingen, Part XXII. 1985.
16. Исаев О.Н., Шарафутдинов Р.Ф., Закатов Д.С. Длительные диссипационные испытания грунта 3LSU-CPTU зондом // Вестник НИЦ «Строительство». 2020. № 3 (26). C. 50–62.
16. Isaev O.N., Sharafutdinov R.F., Zakatov D.S. Long-term dissipation tests of soil with a 3LSU-CPTU probe. Vestnik NITs «Stroitel’stvo». 2020. No. 3 (26), pp. 50–62.
17. Casagrande A. The determination of the preconsolidation load and its practical significance. Proc. First Intern. Conf. on Soil Mech. & Found. Eng. Cambridg. 1936, pp. 60–64.
18. Becker D.B., Crooks J.H.A., Been K. & Jefferis M.G. Work as criterion for determining in-situ & yield stresses clays. Can Geotech. J., 1987. No. 24, pp. 549–594.
19. Meyerhof G.G., Bearing capacity and settlement of pile foundations. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. ASCE. 1976. Vol. 102. GT3, pp. 197–228.
20. Jaky J. Anyugalmi nyomas tenyezoje (The coefficient of earth pressure at rest). Magyar Mernok es Epitesz Egylet Kozlonye (Journal for Society of Hungarian Architects and Engineers). 1944, October, pp. 355–358.
21. Исаев О.Н., Шарафутдинов Р.Ф., Закатов Д.С., Бауков А.Ю., Павлов С.В. Зонд для статического зондирования грунтов с модулем бокового давления (3LSU-CPTU) // Геотехника. 2020. № 1. C. 60–72.
21. Isaev O.N., Sharafutdinov R.F., Zakatov D.S., Baukov A.Yu., Pavlov S.V. Probe for cone penetration testing of soils with a lateral pressure module (3LSU-CPTU). Geotechnika. 2020. No. 1, pp. 60–72. (In Russian).

The problem of increasing the bearing capacity of the base is an urgent problem in modern geotechnical construction. At significant external loads transferred to the base, the use of traditional technologies is not always justified. Often there is a need to use non-standard methods of strengthening the bases. In many cases, the geotechnical situation is aggravated by the presence of weak underlying layers with unstable physical and mechanical characteristics in engineering-geological sections. When strengthening such bases with the help of traditional piles, the latter can get negative friction, which significantly reduces their bearing capacity on the ground, sometimes reaching zero values. This can lead to additional precipitation of the objects being built and erected in the zone of geotechnical influence. The use of electric discharge technology to strengthen the bases with piles in most cases successfully solves many complex geotechnical problems.

N.S. SOKOLOV^{1, 2}, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University (15, Moskovsky Prospect, Cheboksary, 428015, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)
² OOO NPF «FORST» (109a, Kalinina Street, Cheboksary, 428000, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)

1. Cai F., Ugal K. 2000. Numerical analysis of the stability of a stope reinforced with piles. Soils and Foundations. 2000. 40 (1), pp. 73–84.
2. Mandolini A., Russo G., Veggiani C. Pile foundations: experimtntal investigations, analisis and design. Ground Engineering. 2005. No. 38 (9), рр. 34–38.
3. Ilichev V.A., Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Experience of development of russian megacities underground space. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2012. No. 2, pp. 17-20.
4. Ulickij V.M., Shashkin A.G., Shashkin K.G. Geotekhnicheskoe soprovozhdenie razvitiya gorodov [Geotechnical Support of Urban Development]. Saint Petersburg: Georeconstruction. 2010. 551 p.
5. Ilichev V.A., Konovalov P.A., Nikiforova N.S., Bulgakov L.A. Deformations of the retaining structures upon deep excavations in Moscow. Proc. Of Fifth Int. Conf on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. April 3–17. New York, 2004, pp. 5–24.
6. Ilyichev V.A., Nikiforova N.S., Koreneva E.B. Computing the evaluation of deformations of the buildings located near deep foundation tranches. Proc. of the XVIth European conf. on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Madrid, Spain, 24–27th September 2007. «Geo-technical Engineering in urban Environments». Vol. 2, pp. 581–585.
7. Nikiforova N.S., Vnukov D.A. Geotechnical cut-off diaphragms for built-up area protection in urban underground development. The pros, of the 7thI nt. Symp. «Geotechnical aspects of underground construction in soft ground», 16–18 May, 2011. tc28 IS Roma, AGI, 2011, № 157NIK.
8. Petrukhin V.P., Shuljatjev O.A., Mozgacheva O.A. Effect of geotechnical work on settlement of surrounding buildings at underground construction. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Prague, 2003.
9. Nikiforova N.S., Vnukov D.A. The use of cut off of different types as a protection measure for existing buildings at the nearby underground pipelines installation. Proc. of Int. Geotech. Conf. dedicated to the Year of Russia in Kazakhstan. Almaty, Kazakhstan, 23–25 September 2004, pp. 338–342.
10. Sokolov N.S. Technology of increasing a base bearing capacity. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 6, pp. 67–72. (In Russian).
11. Sokolov N. Approach to Increasing the Carring Capacity of the Piles. Select Proceedings of ICRACE 2020. Current Trends in Civil and Structurual Engineering. August 2020.

Modern construction should be of high quality and economical. The construction of buildings and structures must be carried out in a short time. Often, in pursuit of speed and optimization, developers adopt modern technologies, not always assessing the risks associated with them. As a result, this can lead to a decrease in the quality of the object being built. The technology of producing piles “Fundex” is one of the most common in St. Petersburg. The simplicity of this technology makes it possible to produce up to 10 piles per shift. However, this technology has a number of disadvantages, including: possible problems when concreting, a significant zone of influence on the stress-strain state (VAT) of the base. This paper considers one of the most important aspects of the production of these piles: the impact on the surrounding development and previously manufactured structures. In the course of constructing two pile fields, totaling 1,711 piles with a diameter of 520 mm and a length of 28.2 m, the changes in the planned and high-rise position of five buildings of the surrounding development, the previously completed underground part of the building under construction, as well as deformations of structures enclosing the future pit were monitored. Various measures aimed at reducing the negative impact of the construction of “Fundex” piles were tested and their effectiveness was evaluated. Based on the observation made, practical recommendations for the use of this technology are given.

R.A. MANGUSHEV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.V. BOYARINTSEV¹, Master, Postgraduate (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.I. ZUEV², Deputy General Director,
I.S. KAMAEV², Director of Development Department

¹ Saint-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, Saint-Petersburg, 190005, Russian Federation)
² PJSC “GALS” (35, bldg. 1, Leningradsky Avenue, Moscow, 125284, Russian Federation)

1. Mangushev R.A., Ershov A.V., Osokin A.I. Sovremennye svainye tekhnologii [Modern pile technologies]. Moscow, Saint Petersburg: ASV. 2010. 260 p.
2. Mangushev R.A., Osokin A.I. Sotnikov S.N. Geotekhnika Sankt-Peterburga. Opyt stroitel’stva na slabykh gruntakh [Geotechnics of St. Petersburg. Experience of construction on weak soils]. Moscow: ASV. 2018. 386 p.
3. Mangushev R.A. Fundex piles and CFA-new technologies for the device of bored piles. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2008. No. 1, pp. 29–32. (In Russian).
4. Mangushev R.A. Bored piles “Fundex”: advantages and disadvantages. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2013. No. 31–2 (50), pp. 264–271. (In Russian).
5. Ovsyukov N.V., Zhigit A.A. Analysis of the use of various types of piles on the example of a multi-apartment building in the Petrogradsky district of St. Petersburg. Materials of the All-Russian conference of the ISI SPbGPU of Peter the Great. 2021, pp. 376–378. (In Russian).
6. Savinov A.V., Frolov V.E., Brovikov Yu.N., Kozhinsky M.P. Experimental study of the foundation of Fundex piles after a long “rest” in clay soils. Construction and geotechnics. 2020. No. 1, pp. 5–19.
7. Diakonov I.P., Konyushkov V.V. The peculiarities of the work of the stuffed screw pile “Fundex” in heterogeneous soils. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2014. No. 6, pp. 116–120. (In Russian).
8. Diakonov I.P., Veselov A.A., Kondratieva L.N. Theoretical prerequisites for estimating the amount of friction along the side surface of the Fundex pile. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 11, pp. 30–33. (In Russian).
9. Mangushev R.A., Diakonov I.P., Kondratieva L.N. The boundaries of practical application of Fundex piles in conditions of weak soils. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 9, pp. 3–8. (In Russian).
10. Van Baars S. Dutch field test validating the bearing capacity of Fundex saws. Conference: CPT18. Delft, the Netherlads. 2018, pp. 101–107.
11. Diakonov I.P. Analysis of the work of the Fundex pile in weak clay soils. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2014. No. 6. pp. 116–120. (In Russian).
12. Diakonov I.P. The influence of manufacturing technology on the bearing capacity of the material of the packed pile. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2017. No. 2, pp. 133–136. (In Russian).
13. Mangushev R.A., Yershov A.V., Yershov S.V. Assessment of the influence of the technology of manufacturing a packed pile on the state of the soil massif. Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov. 2009. No. 2, pp. 116–120. (In Russian).
14. Shashkin A.G., Shatsky A.A. The influence of bored replacement piles on deformations of water-saturated clay soils. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2017. No. 12, pp. 15–22. (In Russian).
15. Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Tekhnologicheskiye osadki zdaniy i sooruzheniy v zone vliyaniya podzemnogo stroitel’stva. Pod red. R.A. Mangusheva [Technological settlements of buildings and structures in the zone of influence of underground construction. Edited by R.A. Mangushev]. Moscow: ASV. 2017. 168 p.

Time and current circumstances dictate the need to move from horizontal to vertical zoning of urban space, which is able to ensure the formation of a comfortable residential and industrial environment, based on the deep-spatial organization of the entire system of objects. The practice of modern construction has shown that the use of traditional foundation structures when constructing buildings on weak water-saturated soils is often a technically complex and economically inefficient solution. In this case, the construction of artificially improved bases is required. The article deals with the issues of the construction of an artificial base with the specified physical and mechanical characteristics: determination and experimental confirmation of the technology of forming a rigid reinforcing element in the ground with the projected geometric and physico-mechanical characteristics; determination of the effective characteristics of the soil mass reinforced with rigid vertical elements; quantitative determination of the VAT of the interaction of reinforced geomass with the surrounding soil during new construction and at its installation in the base of an existing building.

S.S. ZUEV¹, Deputy General Director;
E.V. ZAYTSEVA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Head of the Design Department;
O.A. MAKOVETSKY³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ AO “New Ground” (35, Kronshtadskaya Strrt, Perm, 614081, Russian Federation)
² ZAO “GORPROJECT” (5, bldg. 5A, Nizhny Susalny Lane, Moscow, 105064, Russian Federation)
³ Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky Prospect, Perm, 614000, Russian Federation)

1. Travush V.I., Shulyatev S.O. Adjusted pile foundation construction for skyscrapers. VII international symposium “Actual problems of computational simulation in civil engineering”. 2018, pp. 012008.
2. Zertsalov M.G., Konyukhov D.S., Merkin V.E. Ispol’zovanie podzemnogo prostranstva [Use of underground space]. Moscow: ASV, 2015. 416 p.
3. Konyukhov D.S. Basic principles of complex development of underground space during renovation of residential buildings in Moscow. Metro i tonneli. 2019. No. 2, pp. 38–40. (In Russian).
4. Merkin V., Konyukhov D. Development of Moscow underground space plans, results, perspectives. Proceedings Engineering. 2016. Vol. 165, pp. 663–672.
5. Abelev M.Yu. Stroitel’stvo promyshlennykh i grazhdanskikh sooruzheniĭ na slabykh vodonasyshchennykh gruntakh [Construction of industrial and civil structures on weak water-saturated soils]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1983. 248 p.
6. Abelev M.Yu., Abelev K.M. Geotechnical studies of construction sites composed of weak water-saturated clay soils. Geotechnika. 2010. No. 6, pp. 30–33. (In Russian).
7. Broyd I. I. Struinaya geotekhnologiya [Jet geotechnology]. Moscow: DIA, 2004. 448 p.
8. Zege S.O., Broyd I.I. Concepts of physical bases of jet fixing of soils. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2004. No. 2, pp. 17–20. (In Russian).
9. Makovetskiy O., Zuev S. Practice device artificial improvement basis of soil technologies jet grouting. Procedia Engineering. 2016. Vol. 165, pp. 504–509. (In Russian).
10. IREX Recommandations pour la conception, le dimensionnement, l’exécution et le contrôle de l’amélioration des sols de fondation par inclusions rigides. ASIRI 384, Presses des Ponts, 2012.
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