The problem of assessing the degree of significance of factors within the framework of the task of forecasting the development of economic systems at various levels is considered. The recommended methodological approach involves a combination of qualimetric, analytical and heuristic methods. The calculation algorithm is based on the method of expert assessments and includes two main stages: determining the significance of the groups of factors obtained as a result of systematization that form the factor space of the problem being solved; assessing the significance of factors within the boundaries of each group. The main criterion for the significance of a factor is the overall weighting coefficient, calculated as the product of the weighting coefficient of the factor itself and the group of factors into which it entered. The proposed approach makes it possible to rank all the factors that have compiled the list without focusing on their nature and belonging to a certain group. It is shown that for the task of forecasting the dynamics of the development of the regional housing market, the most significant factors are the housing affordability for the population and the potential of the production base of construction. The discussed methodological approach can be applied to solve various research problems and for various economic systems. The main drawback is a high degree of subjectivity due to the use of the method of expert assessments.

I.I. AKULOVA, Doctor of Sciences (Ecomony) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
K.I. GONCHAROV, Postgraduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)
K.V. KHABAROV, Postgraduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Voronezh State Technical University (84, 20-letiya Oktyabrya Street, 394006, Voronezh, Russian Federation)

1. Sternik G.M., Sternik S.G. Forecasting methodology of the Russian real estate market. Mekhanizatsiya stroitel’stva. 2013. No. 8, рр. 53–63 (In Russian).
2. Akulova I.I. Prognozirovanie dinamiki i struktury zhilishchnogo stroitel’stva v regione: monografiya [Forecasting the dynamics and structure of housing construction in the region: monograph]. Voronezh: VGASU. 2007. 132 p.
3. Aigumov T.G. Modeling the processes of housing construction as a socially important sphere. Modelirovanie, optimizatsiya i informatsionnye tekhnologii. 2021. Vol. 9. No. 3 (34), рр. 6–7. DOI: 10.26102/2310-6018/2021.34.3.028 (In Russian).
4. Mamchenko O.P., Isaeva O.V., Polovnikova E.S., Sverdlov M.Yu. Econometric methods of research of the real estate market. Upravlenie ekonomicheskimi sistemami: elektronnyi nauchnyi zhurnal. 2019. No. 5 (123), рр. 10. (In Russian).
5. Oborin M.S. Peculiarities of the development of the housing market. Ekonomika stroitel’stva i prirodopol’zovaniya. 2021. No. 1 (78), рр. 12–20. DOI: 10.37279/2519-4453-2021-1-12-20 (In Russian)
6. Gevorgyan G. Supply and demand factors in the real estate market. Colloquium-journal. 2019. No. 6–10 (30), рр. 7–10.
7. Sirotkin V.A., Romanova A.E., Skorin A.V. The demographics factor in the pricing of the primary residential real estate market. Zhilishchnoe khozyaistvo i kommunal’naya infrastruktura. 2020. No. 1 (12), рр. 98–107. (In Russian).
8. Tarasov N.S., Saifutdinov M.A. Factors determining the value of demand on the local real estate market. Nauchnyi elektronnyi zhurnal Meridian. 2021. No. 5 (58), pp. 267–269. (In Russian).
9. Khabarov K.V. Analysis of the situation on the residential real estate market of Voronezh region. Innovatsii, tekhnologii i biznes. 2020. No. 2 (8), рр. 59–65. (In Russian).
10. Akulova I.I. Research and consideration of consumer preferences in the residential real estate market as the basis for the formation of effective urban policy. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction] 2017. No. 4, рр. 3–6. (In Russian).
11. Kudakaeva S.A., Il’in M.Yu. Strategic analysis of external and internal environment factors of the construction industry organization. Nauchnyi zhurnal. 2020. No. 4 (49), рр. 42–47. (In Russian).
12. Polozhentseva Yu.S., Pakhomov K.E. Analysis of key indicators of the development of the regional housing market. Innovatsionnaya ekonomika: perspektivy razvitiya i sovershenstvovaniya. 2021. No. 4 (54), рр. 103–112. (In Russian).
13. Azgal’dov G.G., Kostin A.V., Priven’ A.I., Smirnov V.V. Qualimetry in the measurement of competitiveness. Bol’shoi konsalting. 2014. No. 2, рр. 22–25. (In Russian)
14. Azgal’dov G.G., Belyakov V.A., Rassada L.V. Kvalimetriya v sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoi problematike [Qualimetry in socio-economic issues]. Izhevsk: MADI. 2011. 162 p.
15. Akulova I.I., Slavcheva G.S. Assessment of competitiveness of building materials and products: rationale and approbation of methods on the example of cement. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 7, рр. 9–12. (In Russian).
16. Askarov E.S. Selection of weighting coefficients when assessing the quality of a product or service. Vestnik Kazakhskoi akademii transporta i kommunikatsii im. M. Tynyshpaeva. 2018. No. 4 (107), рр. 76–83.

Currently, approximately 95% of the Russian population lives in settlements. Meanwhile, many settlements in Russia are flooded almost every year. The reasons for the vulnerability of settlements from dangerous natural impacts are substantiated: settlements are not recognized in federal laws and regulatory documents of the Russian Federation of construction content as capital construction objects; the most massive residential and public buildings of settlements are calculated for minimal impacts of natural hazards. It is proposed in the sanitary norms of CH 2.2.4/2.1.8.566–96 to provide maximum permissible values of logarithmic levels of vibration velocities in the structures of the first floors of residential and public buildings during an earthquake: at 7-point seismic impact Lv≤90 dB; with 8-point seismic impact Lv≤100 dB; at a 9-point seismic impact – Lv≤110 dB. In GOST 31937–2011 “Buildings and structures. Rules of inspection and monitoring of technical condition” it’s necessary to provide for an acceptable level of federal individual risk equal to R_risk=10^-8 with an average repeatability of federal earthquakes of 50 years.

A.V. GINZBURG¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering);
A.V. MASLYAEV², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research) (26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, Moscow 129337, Russian Federation)
² Seismic Research Laboratory (27, bildg. A, rm, 51, Zemlyachki Street, Volgograd, 51400117, Russian Federation)

1. Maslyaev A.V. Construction system of Russia does not protect the life and health view of people in settlements during the earthquake. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 9, pp. 60–63. (In Russian).
2. Umnyakova N.P., Shubin I.L. To the problem of revising SP 131.13330 “Construction climatology” in a changing climate. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 6, pp. 3–10. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-6-3-10
3. Hhain V.E., Lomize M.G. Geotectonika sosnovami geodinamici [Geotectonika with geodynamics bases]. Moscow: MSU. 1995. 480 p.
4. Yudakhin F.N., Shchukin Yu.K., Makarov V.I. Glubinnoe stroenie i sovremennye geodinamicheskie protsessy v litosfere Vostochno-Evropeeikoi platform [Deep structure and modern geodynamic processes in a lithosphere of the East European platform]. Ekaterinburg: UrO RAN. 2003. 300 p.
5. Maslyaev A.V. Russian settlements are not protected against the impact of natural hazards. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 5, pp. 36–42. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-5-36-42
6. Ginzburg A.V., Kagan P.B. CAD of the construction organization. SAPR i grafika. 1999. No. 9, pp. 32–34. (In Russian).
7. Maslyaev A.V. Author’s paradigm of the Russia construction system. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 1–2, pp. 65–71. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-1-2-65-71
8. Composition of the Building Standard Law of Japan. Tokyo: 1987. 29 p.
9. Maslyaev A.V. About the safety of mass residential and public buildings in Case of dangerous natural influences. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 1–2, pp. 40–49. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-1-2-40-49
10. Koff G.L., Ryumina E.V. Seismicheskii risk (vidy, otsenka, upravlenie) [Seismic risk (types, assessment, management). Moscow: Polteks. 2003.108 p.
11. Skiba A.A., Ginzburg A.V. Risk analysis in an investment and construction project. Vestnik MGSU. 2012. No. 12, pp. 276–281. (In Russian).
12. Ginzburg A.V., Ryzhkova A.I. Intensification of the development of energy efficient technologies, taking into account organizational and technological reliability. Scientific Review. 2014. No. 7, pp. 276–280. (In Russian).
13. Ginzburg A.V., Ryzhkova A.I. Possibilities of artificial intelligence to improve the organizational and technological reliability of construction production. Vestnik MGSU. 2018. Vol. 13. Iss. 1 (112), pp. 7–13. (In Russian).
14. Maslyaev A.V. Need to establish regional research centers to protect construction objects from the effects of natural hazards. Zhilischnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 4–5, pp. 56–63. (In Russian). DOI:https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-4-5-56-6
15. Novyy katalog sil’nykh zemletryaseniy na territorii SSSR s drevneyshikh vremen do 1975 g. [New catalog of strong earthquakes on the territory of the USSR from ancient times to 1975]. Moscow: Nauka. 1977. 536 p.
16. Korchinsky I.L., Borodin L.A., Grossman B.A. and others. Seysmostoykoye stroitel’stvo zdaniy [Earthquake – resistant construction of buildings]. Moscow: Vyshaya shkola. 1971. 320 p.
17. Polyakov S.V. Seysmostoykiye konstruktsii zdaniy [Earthquake-resistant structures of buildings]. Moscow: Vyshaya shkola. 1969. 336 p.
18. Maslyaev A.V. Russian construction system does not recognize the impact of repeated earthquakes on construction sites. American Scientific Journal. 2020. No. 38, pp. 41–49. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2020.1 / 38/12
19. Maslyaev A.V. Account of buildings and structures for preserving of life and health of the people an earthquake. Zhilischnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2009. No. 8, pp. 33–35. (In Russian).
20. Maslyaev V.N. Impact of vibrations of structures of buildings during an earthquake on the reaction of people. Construction and architecture. Series 14. Construction in special conditions. Earthquake resistant construction. Moscow: VNIIIS Gostroy USSR. 1987. IS-SUE 6, pp. 18–23. (In Russian).
21. Maslyaev A.V. Seismozashchita zdanii v naselennykh punktakh dlya sokhraneniya zhizni i zdorov’ya lyudei pri zemletryasenii [Seismic protection of buildings in settlements to preserve the life and health of people during an earthquake]. Volgograd: VolgSTU. 2018. 149 p.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the use of information models in the design of construction projects, the availability of a regulatory and technical framework governing the development of digital models, as well as to present one of the possible approaches to the design of the organization of construction on the example of a warehouse complex. The article analyzes the foreign and Russian experience of using information technologies when implementing construction projects, the problems of introducing and distributing the use of a digital model in construction organizations. The regulatory framework regulating the development of organizational and technological solutions at the construction site using information modeling technologies is considered. The results of a survey of construction companies in Russia on the implementation of BIM technologies (Building Information Modeling), national standards and levels of BIM are analyzed. A scheme of operational control over the progress of the construction process using a digital model is proposed. An algorithm for developing a digital model of the organization of construction on the example of a warehouse complex has been developed.

I.M. CHAKHKIEV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),
V.E. FROLOVA¹, Magistrand (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
L.M. KOLCHEDANTSEV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering);
R.N. SANDAN², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (4, Vtoraya Krasnoarmeiskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 190005Russian Federation)
² Tuva State University (36, Lenina Street, Kyzyl, 667000, Tuva Republic, Russian Federation)

1. Ashby W.R. Vvedeniye v kibernetiku [Introduction to cybernetics]. Moscow: Inostrannaya literature. 1959. 432 p.
2. Volkov A.A., Petrova S.N., Ginzburg A.V. Informatsionnye sistemy i tekhnologii v stroitel’stve: uchebnoe posobie [Information systems and technologies in construction]. Moscow: MGSU. 2015. 424 p.
3. Buravleva A.F., Klipina N.A., Krutilova M.O. The introduction of BIM technologies in the design and construction of real estate objects. Vestnik nauchnykh konferentsii. 2016. No. 10-3 (14), pp. 36–39. (In Russian).
4. Talapov V.V. What influences the implementation of BIM in Russia. SAPR i grafika. 2010. No. 11 (169), pp. 12–16. (In Russian).
5. Postnov K.V. Application of BIM technologies in management processes for design organizations. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2015. No. 18, pp. 367–371. (In Russian).
6. Chegodaeva M.A. Difficulties in the implementation and development of BIM technologies in Russia. Molodoi uchenyi. 2017. No. 29 (163), pp. 29–32. (In Russian).
7. Klochenko M.O. Problems of BIM-technologies implementation. Actual problems of modern science. Collection of abstracts of scientific works of the XXIV International scientific and practical conference. 2017, pp. 14–17. (In Russian).
8. Verbov A.V. Karetnikova S.V. Foreign experience in the use of BIM technologies. New technologies in the educational process and production. Materials of the XVII International Scientific and Technical Conference. 2019, pp. 123–127. (In Russian).
9. Talapov V.V. Vnedreniye BIM v Singapure [BIM Implementation in Singapore.] SAPR i grafika. 2016. No. 1 (169), pp. 60–63. (In Russian).
10. PAS 1192-2:2013. Specification for information management for the capital/delivery phase of construction projects using building information modeling. The British Standards Institution. 2013, pp. 68. (In Russian).
11. Bew M., Underwood J., Wix J., Storer G. Going BIM in a Commercial World. eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction: European Conferences on Product and Process Modeling (ECCPM 2008). Sophia Antipolis. France. 2008, pp. 139–150.
12. Chegodaeva M.A., Toshin D.S. Advantages of building information modeling at the stage of construction and installation works. Nauchnoe obozrenie. 2017. No. 22, pp. 11–15. (In Russian).
13. Ginzburg A.V., Nesterova E.I. Technology of continuous information support of the life cycle of a construction object. Vestnik MGSU. 2011. No. 5, pp. 317–320. (In Russian).
14. Nastaeva Zh.Kh., Shafieva E.T. Experience in using BIM technologies abroad and the prospects for implementation in Russia. Ekonomika i sotsium. 2018. No. 11 (54), pp. 1245–1248. (In Russian).
15. Sharmanov V.V., Mamaev A.E., Simankina T.L. Control of construction risks based on BIM technologies. Stroitel’stvo unikal’nykh zdanii i sooruzhenii. 2017. No. 12 (63), pp. 113–124. (In Russian). Doi: 10.18720/CUBS.63.6
16. Balakina A., Simankina T., Lukinov V. 4D modeling in high-rise construction. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018. 3. 03044. Doi: org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183303044

The problem of increasing the bearing capacity of foundations is an urgent problem in modern hydraulic engineering construction. With additional increased external loads on existing retaining structures, the use of traditional technologies to ensure their stability is not always justified. There is often an urgent need to use non-standard methods of strengthening the bases. Cases of using existing retaining reinforced concrete structures for new additional loads from newly erected facilities occur quite often. In such cases, the use of bored-injection piles of electric discharge technology (EDT) and ground anchors of EDT successfully solves many complex geotechnical problems of strengthening overloaded bases.

N.S. SOKOLOV^{1, 2} Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Director, (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University (15, Moskovskiy Prospect, Cheboksary, 428015, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)
² OOO NPF “FORST” (109a, Kalinina Street, Cheboksary, 428000, Chuvash Republic, Russian Federation)

1. Ильичев В.А., Мангушев Р.А., Никифорова Н.С. Опыт освоения подземного пространства российских мегаполисов // Основания, фундаменты и механика грунтов. 2012. № 2. С. 17–20.
1. Ilichev V.A., Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Experience of development of russian megacities underground space. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2012. No. 2, pp. 17–20. (In Russian).
2. Улицкий В.М., Шашкин А.Г., Шашкин К.Г. Геотехническое сопровождение развития городов. СПб.: Геореконструкция, 2010. 551 с.
2. Ulickij V.M., Shashkin A.G., Shashkin K.G. Geotekhnicheskoe soprovozhdenie razvitiya gorodov [Geotechnical Support of Urban Development]. Saint Petersburg: Georeconstruction. 2010. 551 p.
3. Ilichev V.A., Konovalov P.A., Nikiforova N.S., Bulgakov L.A. Deformations of the Retaining Structures Upon Deep Excavations in Moscow. Proc. Of Fifth Int. Conf on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, April 3–17. New York, 2004, pp. 5–24.
4. Ilichev V.A., Nikiforova N.S., Koreneva E.B. Computing the evaluation of deformations of the buildings located near deep foundation tranches. Proc. of the XVIth European conf. on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Madrid, Spain, 24–27th September 2007. «Geo-technical Engineering in urban Environments». Vol. 2, pp. 581–585.
5. Nikiforova N.S., Vnukov D.A. Geotechnical cut-off diaphragms for built-up area protection in urban underground development. The pros, of the 7thI nt. Symp. «Geotechnical aspects of underground construction in soft ground», 16–18 May, 2011. tc28 IS Roma, AGI, 2011, № 157NIK.
6. Nikiforova N.S., Vnukov D.A. The use of cut off of different types as a protection measure for existing buildings at the nearby underground pipelines installation. Proc. of Int. Geotech. Conf. dedicated to the Year of Russia in Kazakhstan. Almaty, Kazakhstan, 23–25 September 2004, pp. 338–342.
7. Petrukhin V.P., Shuljatjev O.A., Mozgacheva O.A. Effect of geotechnical work on settlement of surrounding buildings at underground construction. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Prague, 2003.
8. Sokolov N.S. Ground Ancher Produced by Elektric Discharge Technology, as Reinforsed Concrete Structure. Key Enginiring Materials. 2018. June. 771:75-81. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.771.75
9. Sokolov N.S. Use of the Piles of Effective Type in Geotechnical Construction. Key Enginiring Materials. 2018. June. 771:70-74. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.771.70

The article provides the substantiation of the method for determining the architectural and technical height of buildings as a sign of uniqueness, taking into account the features of the relief and the layout of the underground part of the building. The analysis of legal acts and regulatory and technical documentation for the identification of buildings and structures on the grounds of uniqueness has been carried out. It is known that the Urban Planning Code (GC) of the Russian Federation determines the conditions for classifying buildings and structures as unique in the following parameters: height, span, presence of a console, deepening of the underground part. At the same time, the GC does not contain definitions and methods for measuring these parameters. As a result, the signs of uniqueness according to the specified parameters are determined by codes of practice (RV), where the definitions of the term “height” of a construction object have significant differences in meaning and measurement methods, including. and within one joint venture. The most significant contradictions arise when identifying multi-level buildings of terraced type, since building codes were drawn up without taking into account the architectural typology of terraced construction. Misinterpretation of methods for determining the height of buildings can lead to a situation where any one-story multi-level object of great length, built on a slope, can formally be identified as unique, although obviously it is not. In order to avoid errors in identifying buildings for uniqueness, the calculation of the building height should be performed taking into account the level-by-level layout of the building parts, due to its integration into the existing slope and the peculiarities of the perception and transfer of loads from the building structures to the base.

S.V. VAVRENYUK¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.E. FARAFONOV¹, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
N.Y. TSIMBELMAN², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.G. VAVRENYUK², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Branch of FGBU «TsNIIP Ministry of Construction of Russia» Far Eastern Research, Design and Technological Institute for Construction (Branch of FGBU TsNIIP Ministry of Construction of Russia DalNIIS) (14, Borodinskaya St., Vladivostok, 690033, Russian Federation)
² Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU) (10, Ajax, Russky Fr., Vladivostok, 690922, Russian Federation)

1. Belostotsky A.M., Akimov P.A., Dmitriev D.S., Nagibovich A.I., Petryashev N.O., Petryashev S.O. Computational study of mechanical safety parameters of the high-rise (404 meters) residential complex “One Tower” in the business center “Moscow City”. Academia. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura. 2019. No. 3, pp. 122–129. (In Russian).
2. Guryev V.V., Dorofeev V.M. Structural safety of load-bearing structures of high-rise and wide-span structures. Materials of the IV International Conference – exhibition “Unique and special technologies in construction”. UST-Build 2007. Moscow. 2007, pp. 50–52. (In Russian).
3. Travush B.I., Shakhramanyan A.M., Kolotovichev Yu.A., Shakhvorostov A.I., Desyatkin M.A., Shulyatyev O.A., Shulyatyev C.O. “Lakhta Center”: automated monitoring of deformations of load-bearing structures and bases. Academia. Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura. 2018. No. 4, pp. 94–108. (In Russian).
4. Lapidus A.A., Kangezova M.H. Systematization of organizational and technological aspects of scientific and technical support of buildings and structures with a height of more than 100 m. Proceedings of the First joint scientific and practical conference of GBU “CEIIS” and IPRIM RAS. Moscow. 2019, pp. 204–209. (In Russian).
5. Lapidus A.A., Shisterova A.V. Analysis of current regulatory documents in terms of scientific and technical support for the design of buildings and structures with an increased level of responsibility. Sistemnye tekhnologii. 2019. No. 30, pp. 5–9. (In Russian).
6. Nikonov N.M. Once again about the features of the design and construction of unique structures. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Moskvy. 2007. No. 1, pp. 35–40. (In Russian).
7. Sinenko S.A., Emmin E., Grabovy P.G., Vilman Yu.A., Grabovy K.P. The experience of using new technologies in the construction of modern buildings and structures (on the example of the Moscow-City MMDC complex). Vestnik MGSU. 2012. No. 4, pp. 165–169. (In Russian).
8. Kabanov V.A., Zmytsky O.N. The level of responsibility and reliability of structural systems. Stroitel’naya mekhanika inzhenernykh konstruktsii i sooruzhenii. 2008. No. 4, pp. 66–71. (In Russian).
9. Ivashenko Yu. A. Ensuring reliability in the design of buildings and structures using reinforced concrete. Akademicheskii vestnik UralNIIproekt RAASN. 2012. No. 1, pp. 92–94. (In Russian).
10. Ganeev R.R. Legal regulation of construction activity. Aktual’nye problemy ekonomiki i prava. 2011. No. 2, pp. 172–175. (In Russian).
11. Topchy D.V., Chernigov V.S. Features of construction control at unique construction sites. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologi. 2019. No. 10–2, pp. 331–336. (In Russian).
12. Rogonsky V.A., Kostrits A.I., Sheryakov V.F. Ekspluatatsionnaya nadezhnost’ zdanii i sooruzhenii [Operational reliability of buildings and structures]. Saint Petersburg: Stroyizdat. 2004. 272 p.
13. Mangushev R.A., Nikitina N.S., Gorodnova E.V. Numerical justification of the project of works for the construction of a multi-storey building on a slope. Vestnik MGSU. 2012. No. 5, pp. 62–66. (In Russian).
14. Eremeev P.G. Design features of unique large-span buildings and structures. Stroitel’naya mekhanika inzhenernykh konstruktsii i sooruzhenii. 2005. No. 1, pp. 69–75. (In Russian).
15. Eremeev P.G. Prevention of avalanche-like (progressive) collapse of bearing structures of unique large-span buildings and structures during emergency impacts. Stroitel’naya mekhanika inzhenernykh konstruktsii i sooruzhenii. 2006. No. 2, pp. 65–72. (In Russian).
16. Sussman T., Bathe K.J. 3D-shell elements for structures in large strains. Computers & Structures. 2013. Vol. 122, pp. 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2012.12.018
17. Belostotsky A.M. Mathematical models in the basis and composition of monitoring systems of load-bearing structures of high-rise buildings. From profanity to implementation. Vysotnye zdaniya. 2014. No. 4, pp. 102–107. (In Russian).
18. Belostotsky A.M., Akimov P.A., Petryashev N.O., Petryashev S.O., Negrozov O.A. Computational studies of the stress-strain state, strength and stability of load-bearing structures of a high-rise building taking into account the actual position of reinforced concrete structures. Vestnik MGSU. 2015. No. 4, pp. 50–68. (In Russian).

The work on the reconstruction and restoration of the sleeping buildings of the “Lake Karachi” Resort in the Novosibirsk region is described. The proposed by authors concept of manufacturing wall blocks from light large-porous concrete with an integral arrangement of a large filler, which differs significantly from conventional conglomerates in terms of thermal and noise-insulating indicators, is implemented. As a large filler, a granular filler made of vegetable raw materials and fuel slag, pretreated with protective polymer silicate compositions, was used. The introduction of micro-reinforcing and polymer additives into the initial light concrete mixture provides an increase in the bending strength of large-pored concrete by 1.5–2 times, and also significantly improves the operation characteristics of the material. The work performed on the repair, reconstruction and restoration of sleeping buildings made it possible to provide comfortable accommodation for patients in decent conditions with ensuring modern requirements for sanatorium-resort facilities.

A.P. PICHUGIN¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.F. KHRITANKOV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering),
E.G. PIMENOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
O.E. SMIRNOVA², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
M.A. PICHUGIN¹, Engineer

¹ Novosibirsk State Agrarian University (160, Dobrolyubova Street, Novosibirsk, 630039, Russian Federation)
² Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (113, Leningradskaya Street, Novosibirsk, 630008, Russian Federation)

1. Khritankov V.F., Pichugin A.P., Pimenov E.G., Smirnova O.T. Reconstruction of the architectural ensemble of the resort “Lake Karachi” in the Novosibirsk Region. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 4–5, pp. 33–38. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-4-5-33-38
2. Khritankov V.F., Pichugin A.N., Pchelnikov A.V., Smirnova O.E. Reconstruction of the main building of the architectural ensemble of the resort “Lake Karachi”. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 8, pp. 9–15. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-8-9-153
3. Subbotin O.S. Problems of preserving architectural and urban heritage in the conditions of a modern city (on the example of Krasnodar). Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 7, pp. 35–40. (In Russian).
4. Bedov A.I., Znamensky V.V., Gabitov A.I. Otsenka tekhnicheskogo sostoyaniya, vosstanovlenie i usilenie osnovanii i stroitel’nykh konstruktsii ekspluatiruemykh zdanii i sooruzhenii [Assessment of the technical condition, restoration and strengthening of the foundations and construction structures of operated buildings and structures]. Moscow: ASV. 2014. 924 p.
5. Schenkov A.S. Rekonstruktsiya istoricheskoi zastroiki v Evrope vo vtoroi polovine XX veka: Istoriko-kul’turnye problem [Reconstruction of historical buildings in Europe in the second half of the XX century: Historical and cultural problems]. Moscow: Lenand. 2011. 280 p.
6. Кasyanov V.F. Rekonstruktsiya zhiloi zastroiki gorodov [Reconstruction of residential buildings in cities]. Moscow: ASV. 2005. 224 p.
7. Goryachev O.M., Prykina L.V. Osobennosti vozvedeniya zdanii v stesnennykh usloviyakh [Features of the construction of buildings in stressful conditions]. Moscow: Academia. 2003. 272 p.
8. Dolgova V.O. The Problem of preserving architectural and landscape objects of culture and historical ice in small cities of Russia. Gradostroitel’stvo. 2013. No. 4 (26), pp. 73–77. (In Russian).
9. Hritankov V.F., Pichugin A.P., Smirnova O.E., Shatalov A.A. Use of nano-dimensional additives in concrete and building solutions to ensure adhesion during repair work. Nauka o Zemle. 2019. Vol. 17. No. 1, pp. 131–140. (In Russian).
10. Subbotin O.S., Khritankov V.F. Effective use of energy-saving structures and materials in low-rise residential buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2008. No. 12, pp. 20–23. (In Russian).
11. Pimenov E.G., Pichugin A.P., Khritankov V.F., Denisov A. S., Physico-chemical studies of the processes of reducing the open porosity of a large concrete filler. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 2016. No. 10–11, pp. 22–31. (In Russian).
12. Pichugin A.P., Denisov A.S., Pimenov E.G. The role of micro-reinforcement in ensuring the operational characteristics of large-pored light concrete. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 2016. No. 12, pp. 5–15. (In Russian).
13. Pichugin A.P., Khritankov V.F., Kudryshov A.Yu., Pimenov E.G. Technological possibilities of using heat and power engineering waste in rural construction. Innovatsii i prodovol’stvennaya bezopasnost’. 2017. No. 4, pp. 45–53. (In Russian).
14. Pichugin A.P., Hritankov V.F., Smirnova O.E., Pimenov E.G., Nikitenko K.A. Shield-finishing compositions and compositions for repair work and ensuring the longevity of buildings. Izvestiya vuzov. Stroitel’stvo. 2019. No. 9, pp. 109–122. (In Russian).

The article discusses the role of light openings in the aspect of the formation of construction objects. The use of glass is a mandatory feature of modern architecture, which shows the achievements of modern technology and technology. The architectural expressiveness of such objects is almost indisputable. However, the formation of light openings of various sizes and shapes is reflected in the buildings of different eras and regions. At the same time, a combination of many factors was of decisive importance in their design. The article notes the indisputable importance of natural lighting and insolation for human health and psychological comfort. Particular attention is paid to the issues of energy efficiency of construction facilities under various climatic parameters. The necessity of optimizing the size of light openings is indicated, considering heat loss through them in winter and heat gain in summer, as well as energy costs for artificial lighting. A separate aspect of the analysis is the relationship between natural and artificial lighting of building interiors. Several issues and tasks related to modeling the distribution of natural and artificial illumination, considering the spatial characteristics of the light field, are outlined. Importance in the design should be given to the dynamics of natural lighting in the time of year, time of day when designing buildings, considering the functional tasks to be solved. Promising directions of using natural lighting in modern architecture are also outlined.

A.K. SOLOVIEV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.A. DOROZHKINA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Van den Beld. Light and health. Svetotekhnika. 2003. No. 1. pp.4–8. (In Russian).
2. Boyce P.R. Human factors in lighting [2nd Ed. Lighting Research Center]. London: Taylor and Francis, 2003. 616 p.
3. Stetsky S.V., Larionova K.O. On the question of the duration of insolation of residential premises equipped with balconies or loggias. Innovatsii i investitsii. 2020. No. 5, pp. 231–233. (In Russian).
4. Konstantinov A.P. Calculation of natural lighting of residential premises facing glazed balconies (loggias). Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 3, pp. 61–67. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-3-61-67
5. Konstantinov A., Borisova M., Lambias Ratnayake M., Arcibasova T. Design and calculation of energy efficient windows of high-rise building. E3S Web of Conferences. 2019. Vol. 110. P. 01005. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/201911001005
6. Konstantinov A.P., Krutov A.A., Tikhomirov A.M. Assessment of the PVC windows thermal characteristics in winter. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 8, pp. 65–72. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-773-8-65-72
7. Soloviev A.K., Ruipu B. The choice of the area of window openings of residential buildings in the monsoon climate of the Far East of the Russian Federation and the northern regions of China. Svetotekhnika. 2019. No. 5. pp. 42–49. (In Russian).
8. Boriskina I.V., Plotnikov A.A., Zakharov A.V. Proektirovanie sovremennykh okonnykh sistem grazhdanskikh zdanii [Design of modern window systems of civil buildings]. Saint Petersburg: VYBOR, 2008 360 p.
9. Muraviova N.A., Soloviev A.K., Stetsky S.V. Comfort light environment under natural and combined lighting: method of their characteristics definition with subjective expert appraisal using. Light & Engineering. 2018. Vol. 26 (3), рр. 124–131.
10. Stetsky S., Larionova K. Natural lighting in the premises of public institutions situated at the ground floors of buildings. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018 Topical Problems of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Environmental Economics, TPACEE 2018. 2019. Vol. 91. P. 02030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199102030
11. Stetsky S.V., Dorozhkina E.A. Improving the quality of the light, acoustic and insolation environment in the premises of civil buildings with the use of stationary sun protection devices. Innovatsii i investitsii. 2021. No. 2, pp. 193–198. (In Russian).
12. Soloviev A.K., Nguyen F.T.H. Method of calculating the parameters of the light climate by the light efficiency of solar radiation. Svetotekhnika. 2018. No. 5, pp. 13–21. (In Russian).
13. Zemtsov V.A., Soloviev A.K., Shmarov I.A. Brightness parameters of the standard MKO sky in calculations of natural lighting of premises and their application in light-climatic conditions of Russia. Svetotekhnika. 2016. No. 6, pp. 48–55. (In Russian).
14. Plotnikov A.A. Architectural and constructive principles and innovations in the construction of glass buildings. Vestnik MGSU. 2015. No. 11, pp. 7–15. (In Russian).
15. Vakhrushev K.G., Konstantinov A.P. Classification of translucent facades: analysis of classification features. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2019. No. 7, pp. 84–91. (In Russian).
16. Soloviev A.K. Hollow tubular light guides: their application for natural lighting of buildings and energy saving. Svetotekhnika. 2011. No. 5, pp. 41–47. (In Russian).
17. Kuznetsov A.L., Oseledets E.Yu., Soloviev A.K., Sto-lyarov M.V. Experience of using hollow tubular light guides for natural lighting in Russia. Svetotekhnika. 2011. № 6, pp. 4–41. (In Russian).
18. Ovcharov A.T., Selyanin Yu.N., Antsupov Yu.V. Hybrid lighting complex for combined lighting systems: concept, state of the question, scope of application. Svetotekhnika. 2018. No. 1, pp. 23–28. (In Russian).

To protect the premises of buildings from excessive heat of solar radiation sun- protective devices of various types are used. The regulatory documents classify sun-protective devices according to the level of sun protection: from a very high level to a low one, which corresponds to the values of the solar factor from 0–0.2 to 0.76–1. However, a method for determining the magnitude of the solar factor for sun-protective devices of various types has not yet been developed. This article presents a method for determining the magnitude of the solar factor for louver-type sun-protective devices. The method is based on taking into account the ratios of irradiation and shading areas of building facades with sun-protective devices at different times of the day. The method takes into account the orientation of the facade, the hours of the day during which irradiation occurs, and, consequently, the amount of solar energy, the design solution and geometric parameters of sun- protective devices. It is shown that for a specific design solution of a sun-protective device, the magnitude of the solar factor changes when the sun moves across the sky.

V.N. KUPRIYANOV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering (1, Zelenaya Street, Kazan, 420043, Russian Federation)

1. Kupriyanov V.N., Sedova F.R. Substantiation and development of the energy method for calculating the insolation of residential premise. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2015. No. 5, pp. 83–87. (In Russian).
2. Kupriyanov V.N. To the assessment of the thermal comfort of rooms irradiated by solar radiation through light openings, part 1. Calculation of the energy of solar radiation arriving at the outer surface of the window opening. Vestnik Privolzhskogo territorial’nogo otdeleniya Rossiiskoi Akademii arkhitektury i stroitel’nykh nauk. 2019. No. 22, pp. 191–196. (In Russian).
3. Nauchno-prikladnoi spravochnik po klimatu SSSR [Scientific and applied reference book on the climate of the USSR]. Series 3. Parts 1–6, Iss. 12. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988.
4. Kupriyanov V.N., Spiridonov A.V. Calculation of the parameters of sun-protection devices. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstruktsiya. 2019. No. 3 (83), pp. 54–62. (In Russian).

A statistical energy model of the passage of external noise into the premises of the building is proposed, which makes it possible to evaluate the acoustic regime in rooms facing the sound source and adjacent to them. The model is a set of resonant and non-resonant sound transmission paths through translucent structures, air exchange devices, through corridors and openings connecting rooms in the building. Connected rooms and enclosing structures are considered as a closed system, for which a system of energy balance equations can be written. Solving the system of equations gives the values of the acoustic energy levels in the premises and the noise levels in them.

S.N. OVSYANNIKOV, Doctor of Sciences Engineering (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
T.S. BOLSHANINA, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (TSUAB) (2, Solyanaya Square, Tomsk, 634003, Russian Federation)

1. Cremer L., Heckl M., Ungar E. Structure-bone sound. Springer Verlag, 1973. 528 p.
2. Crocker M.J., Price F.J. Sound transmission using statistical energy analysis. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 1969. Vol. 9. No. 3, pp. 469–486.
3. Craik R.J.M. Sound transmission through buildings using statistical energy analysis. Gover, Hampshire. 1996. 280 p.
4. Leppington F.G., Broadbent E.G. and Heron K.H. The acoustic radiation efficiency of rectangular panels. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A382. 1982, рр. 45–71.
5. Ovsyannikov S.N. Rasprostranenie zvukovoi vibratsii v grazhdanskikh zdaniyakh [Propagation of sound vibration in civil buildings]. Tomsk: Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2000. 378 р.
6. Ovsyannikov S.N. Proektirovanie zvukoizolyatsii ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsii zdanii: uchebnoe posobie dlya bakalavrov i magistrov po napravleniyam «Arkhitektura» i «Stroitel’stvo» [Designing sound insulation of building enclosing structures: a textbook for bachelors and masters in the areas of “Architecture” and “Construction”]. Tomsk: Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. 2020. 127 р.
7. Ovsyannikov S.N., Makhmudov U.A., Lelyuga O.V. Experimental studies of elastic-dissipative properties of structural materials and calculation of sound insulation of enclosing structures based on refined characteristics by the SEA method. Selected reports of the 66th University Scientific and Technical Conference of Students and Young Scientists. Tomsk. 2020, рр. 336–343. (In Russian).

The results of studies of sound insulation of a new type of enclosing structures – lightweight partitions with frameless anti-resonant panels, intended for use in civil engineering are presented. Theoretical studies were carried out on the basis of the theory of self-coincidence of wave fields, taking into account the resonant and inertial sound transmission through the enclosures. A method for calculating of sound insulation of enclosing structures has been developed, which can be used in the design of partitions between the premises of buildings. The calculation method includes six stages: determining the boundary frequencies of the areas of resonant sound transmission through the enclosing structure, calculating the coefficients of sound transmission through the enclosure in individual frequency ranges, calculating of sound insulation of the enclosure, calculating of airborne noise insulation index for the enclosure, comparing the calculated data with the standard requirements, assessment of the rationality of the constructive solution of the sound-insulating enclosure in comparison with analogues. On the example of a partition made of monolithic gypsum concrete, a comparison of the results of theoretical calculations and experimental measurements in natural conditions is carried out. The developed method for calculating of sound insulation provides good convergence of results in a wide range of medium and high frequencies. The use of a lightweight partition with anti-resonant panels made it possible to reduce the overall surface density of the enclosure by 5 and 32%, and also to re-duce the total thickness of the enclosure by 42 and 53%, compared to two analogous enclosures, respectively.

D.V. MONICH, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (65, Ilyinskaya Street, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation)

1. Il’in D.S. Noise pollution of the urbanized environment. Environmental safety in the conditions of anthropogenic transformation of the natural environment: Collection of materials of the all-Russian school-seminar dedicated to the memory of N.F. Reimers and F.R. Shtilmark. Permian. 2021, рр. 214–215. (In Russian).
2. Savrasova N.A., Agapov A.D., Savrasova E.E. The problem of increasing noise pollution of the environment. Collection of articles of the III International Research Competition. Petrozavodsk. 2020, pp. 259–268. (In Russian).
3. Kochkin A.A., Ivanova A.V. Reducing noise in rooms during the operation and reconstruction of buildings. Vestnik Vologodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Tekhnicheskie nauki. 2021. No. 2, pp. 67–69. (In Russian).
4. Ovsyannikov S.N., Leliuga O.V., Gradov V.A. Calculation model of sound and vibration propagation in a building fragment based on the method of statistical energy analysis. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. International Science and Technology Conference “FarEastCon 2019”. 2020. No. 042006.
5. Antonov A.I., Ledenev V.I., Matveeva I.V., Shubin I.L. Raschety shuma pri proektiro-vanii shumozashchity v proizvodstvennykh zdaniyakh [Calculations of noise in the design of noise protection in industrial buildings]. Moscow, Berlin: Direkt-Media. 2020. 274 p. DOI: 10.23681/574372
6. Kryshov S.I. Problems of sound insulation of buildings under construction. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2017. No. 6, pp. 8–10. (In Russian).
7. Kochkin N.A., Shubin I.L., Kochkin A.A. Influence of the flexible slab design on the relative to increase of sound insulation of existing enclosures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2020. No. 7, pp. 14–18. (In Russian).
8. Kochkin N.A., Shubin I.L., Kochkin A.A. Study of improving of sound insulation of existing enclosures using layered vibration-damped elements. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noi promyshlennosti. 2019. No. 3, pp. 215–219. (In Russian).
9. Boganik A.G. Effective structures for additional sound insulation of premises. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2004. No. 10, pp. 18–19. (In Russian).
10. Gerasimov A.I., Vasil’ev M.D., Rud’ N.S. Evaluation of the effectiveness of additional sound insulation (attachment shells) of the main structures of walls and partitions. Noise Theory and Practice. 2020. Vol. 6. No. 4, pp. 33–41. (In Russian).
11. Patent RF 155100. Zvukoizoliruyushchee ograzhdenie [Sound-insulating enclosure]. Bobylev V.N., Grebnev P.A., Monich D.V., Tishkov V.A. Declared 05.06.2014. Published 27.08.2015. The patent was transferred under a license agreement to Acoustic Group Company, the date of entry into the state register 04.04.2016. (In Russian).
12. Bobylev V.N., Tishkov V.A., Monich D.V., Grebnev P.A. Zvukoizolyatsiya odnosloinykh peregorodok iz gipsovykh materialov. Byulleten’ stroitel’noi tekhniki. 2017. No. 6, pp. 20–22. (In Russian).
13. Sedov M.S. Zvukoizolyatsiya. V kn.: Tekhnicheskaya akustika transportnykh mashin: spravochnik [Sound insulation. In the book: Technical acoustics of transport vehicles: a handbook]. St. Petersburg: Politekhnika. 1992, pp. 68–105.
14. Sedov M.S. Analysis and calculation of noise insulation by light enclosures. Proceedings of International Noise and Vibration Control Conference «Noise-93». Edited by M.J. Crocker and N.I. Ivanov. Vol. 3. St. Petersburg. 1993, pp. 111–116.
15. Cremer L., Heckl M., Petersson B. Structure-Borne Sound. Structural Vibrations and Sound Radiation at Audio Frequencies. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer. 2005. 607 p.
16. Zaborov V.I. Teoriya zvukoizolyatsii ograzhdayushchikh konstruktsii [The theory of sound insulation of building enclosures]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1969. 185 p.

The necessity of mandatory consideration of temperature influences caused by operational temperature differences and the action of solar radiation is justified when when assigning design solutions to load-bearing structures. For this purpose, cases are considered when operating temperature differences lead to the appearance of significant stresses and deformations in load-bearing structures. In total, four typical examples from practice are considered. In the first example, the occurrence of temperature cracks in the bearing reinforced concrete wall of a building as a result of solar overheating of its inner surface, extending into into the under – roof space of the translucent dome; in the second, the formation of cracks in the bottom of a concrete basin of a pool located inside a room with a room temperature of +20оС when filling the bowl with cold tap water with a temperature of +4оС; in the third – the destruction of the junction of the pile with the end beam in buildings with an open underground built under the conditions of the Far North; in the fourth, one of the possible reasons for the destruction of the dome roof of the concave concrete roof shell of the Basmanny Market. On the basis of the considered examples, the author justifies the need to perform thermo-physical calculations when designing not only enclosing, but also bearing structures of buildings. When designing objects, it is necessary not only to focus on regulatory requirements, but also on the features of joint work of load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings. Such features are difficult to formalize. In order to avoid these problems in practice, it is necessary to increase the role of building physics when training civil engineers.

A.A. PLOTNIKOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Mkrtychev O.V., Sidorov D.S. Analysis of exposure of reinforced concrete buildings to temperature loads. Vestnik MGSU. 2012. No. 5, pp. 50–55. (In Russian).
2. Al’himenko, A.I., Snegirev A.I. Influence of the short circuit temperature during erection on the stresses in load-bearing structures. Inzhenerno-stroitel’nyi zhurnal. 2008. No. 2 (2), pp. 8–16 (In Russian).
3. Matveeva N.A., Korsun V.l., Danilov N.D., Fedo-tov P.A. Influence of temperature weather effects on the stress-strain state of external walls in the conditions of yakutia. Vestnik Donbasskoi natsional’noi akademii stroitel’stva i arkhitektury. 2018. No. 3 (131), pp. 30–35. (In Russian).
4. Gordeev V.N., Lantuh-Ljashhenko A.I., Pashinskij V.A., Perel’muter A.V., Pichugin S.F. Nagruzki i vozdeystviya na zdaniya i sooruzheniya [Loads and actions on buildings and structures]. Moscow: ASV. 2007. 476 p. (In Russian).
5. Blazi V. Spravochnik proektirovshhika. Stroitel’naja fizika [Designer’s handbook. Building physics] Moscow: Tehnosfera. 2004. 241 p. (In Russian).
6. Boriskina I.V. Zdaniya i sooruzheniya so svetoprozrachnymi fasadami i krovlyami. Teoreticheskie osnovy proektirovaniya svetoprozrachnyh konstrukcij [Buildings and structures with translucent facades and roofs. Theoretical bases of designing of glass constructions]. Saint-Petersburg: Lyubavich. 2012. 396 p. (In Russian).
7. Plotnikov А.А., Guryanov G.R. Modern methods of cooling permafrost ground beds of multi-storey residential buildings. Vestnik MGSU. 2021. Vol. 16. No. 5, pp. 535–544. (In Russian). DOI: 10.22227/1997- 0935.2021.5.535-544
8. Ohlopkova T.V., Guryanov G.R., Plotnikov A.A. Construction and design of buildings and structures in permafrost conditions. Inzhenernyj vestnik Dona. 2018. No. 4 (51), pp. 184. (In Russian).
9. Spravochnik po stroitel’stvu na vechnomerzlykh gruntakh [Handbook of construction on permafrost]. Pod red. Velli Yu.Ya., Dokuchaeva V.P., Fedorova N.F. Leningrad: Stroyizdat. 1977. 552 p.

We have justified the required resistance to heat transfer of translucent structures based on ensuring comfortable conditions for a person to stay near such structures during the winter period of operation. We have justified the minimum permissible temperatures of the inner surface of the translucent structure, which provides comfortable conditions. To do this, we investigated the process of heat exchange by radiation between a person and a translucent structure. We carried out numerical simulation of the process of non-stationary heat exchange through the construction of insulating glass units in conditions of a sharp decrease in outdoor temperature. This allowed us to determine the delay time of the temperature change on the inner surface of the insulating glass units following the change in the temperature of the outside air. Thanks to this, we have justified the calculated outdoor air temperature to determine the required heat transfer resistance of translucent structures based on providing comfortable conditions. The required resistance to heat transfer of a translucent structure when calculating from comfortable conditions should be such as to ensure that the temperature on its inner surface is not lower than on an opaque enclosing structure. This condition is still technologically impossible for translucent structures currently used in standard construction. However, the minimum values of heat transfer resistance corresponding to the intensity of heat exchange, at which a person feels comfortable near translucent structures (q = 93 W/m²), can be achieved in practice today. For the conditions of the Russian Federation, this value is now on average only 1.4 times higher than the standard values. It is established that the permissible temperature on the inner surface of the translucent structure is comparable to the standard dew point temperature. In view of this, it seems expedient in cases where a detailed calculation of the conditions of heat exchange between a person and translucent structures is not performed, to assign the required resistance of translucent structures based on the inadmissibility of condensation on their inner surface at standard values of temperature and relative humidity of the internal air. At the same time, due to the low thermal inertia of translucent structures, an absolutely minimum temperature should be used as the calculated outdoor air temperature.

авторы

1. Konstantinov A.P., Ibragimov A.M. Complex approach to the calculation and design of translucent structures. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 1–2, pp. 14–17. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-1-2-14-17
2. Melnikova I., Boriskina I. Modern translucent structures in multistory residential buildings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. 022021. DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/365/2/022021
3. Plontikov A.A. Architectural and engineering principles and innovations in the construction of glass-facade buildings. Vestnik MGSU. 2015. No. 11, pp. 7–15. (In Russian).
4. Konstantinov A.P., Krutov A.A., Tikhomirov A.M. Assessment of the PVC windows thermal characteristics in winter. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 8, pp. 65–72. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-773-8-65-72
5. Zimin A.N., Bochkov I.V., Kryshov S.I., Umnyakova N.P. Heat transfer resistance and temperature on internal surfaces of translucent enclosing structures of residential buildings of Moscow. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2019. No. 6, pp. 24–29. (In Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2019-6-24-29
6. Bogoslovskij V.N. Stroitel’naja teplofizika (teplofizicheskie osnovy otoplenija, ventiljacii i kondicionirovanija vozduha) [Construction thermophysics (thermophysical fundamentals of heating, ventilation and air conditioning)]. Saint-Petersburg: AVOK Severo-zapad. 2006. 400 р.
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