The study of architectural planning structure of two houses discovered in Ani during archaeological work in recent decades was undertaken in order to clarify their typological characteristics, architectural features and their place in the history of housing construction in the East. Acquaintance with the publications of archaeologists, the field surveys of objects in Ani undertaken by the authors led to the identification of a complex of stable features in these buildings, which made it possible to identify a range of typological analogies in the 12th–13th palace architecture of Armenians, Georgians, Seljuks of Asia Minor: the palace of Paron in Ani, the palace in Geghuti, built by the Georgian king George III around 1156, the palaces of Kubadabad, built in the first half of the 13th century. In the early Middle Ages, this idea was the basis for urban estates of the 19th–10th centuries in the Semirechye region of the Central Asia, there were still Sogdians. In some forms, in the structure of a four- or two-column covered courtyard, most likely, the embodiment of the central cell of a traditional Armenian residential building was added to the general idea. Two variants of creating such a cell could be presented in the two studied houses of Ani: with four columns in the corners of the central square and a two-column type based on the columns supported of opposing wooden beams. The probable prototypes of the general compositional idea of these houses in the architecture of Parthia and Sasanian Iran have been identified.

O.V. BAEVA, Doctor of Art Study (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.Yu. KAZARYAN, Doctor of Art Study, Academician of RAASN

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Арутюнян В.М. Հարությունյան Վ.Մ. Անի քաղաքը (Город Ани). Ереван: Айпетрат, 1964. 96 с.
1. Harutyunyan V.M. Ani kaghake [The city of Ani]. Yerevan: Haypetrat. 1964. 96 p.
2. Баева О. Ани: градостроительная идея Нового города и ее преемственность // Проект Байкал. 2023. № 20 (76). С. 184–189. EDN: MLXMCH. https://doi.org/10.51461/issn.2309-3072/76.2170
2. Baeva O. Ani: An urban planning idea for the New City and its continuity. Projekt Baikal. 2023. No. 20 (76), pp. 184–189. (In Russian). EDN: MLXMCH. https://doi.org/10.51461/issn.2309-3072/76.2170
3. Баева О.В., Казарян А.Ю. Жилища средневекового города Ани. Историография и результаты исследований // Актуальные проблемы теории и истории искусства. 2022. № 12. С. 123–134. EDN: ZAPIOO. https://doi.org/10.18688/aa2212-01-07
3. Baeva O.V., Kazaryan A.Yu. Dwellings of the Medieval City of Ani. Historiography and Research Results. Aktual’nye problemy teorii i istorii iskusstva. 2022. No. 12, pp. 123–134. (In Russian). EDN: ZAPIOO. https://doi.org/10.18688/aa2212-01-07
4. Орбели И.А. Избранные труды. Ереван: АН АрмССР, 1963. 683 с.
4. Orbeli I.A. Izbrannye trudy [Selected works]. Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1963. 683 p.
5. Марр Н.Я. Ани. Книжная история города и раскопки на месте городища. М.; Л.: Гос. соц.-эк. изд-во, 1934. 136 с.
5. Marr N.Ya. Ani. Knizhnaya istoriya goroda i raskopki na meste gorodishcha [Ani. Book history of the city and excavations at the site of the settlement]. Moscow; Leningrad: State Socio-economic Publishing House. 1934. 136 p.
6. Karamağaralı B. 1992–1994 Ani Kazıları [1992–1994 Ani excavations] // XVII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, II (29 Mayıs – 02 Haziran 1995). Ankara, 1996. S. 509–538. (In Turkish).
7. Karamağaralı B. 1995 Ani Kazısı [1995 Ani excavations] // XVIII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, II (27–31 Mayıs 1996). Ankara, 1997. S. 577–589. (In Turkish).
8. Karamağaralı B. The Discovery of two Medieval Houses in Ani // Erdem. 1999. Cilt: 12-Sayı: 34. Р. 129–134.
9. Karamağaralı B., Azar T., Akgül N. Les activités archéologiques turques à Ani (1989-2000). Dans le livre: Capitale de l’Arménie en l’An Mil. Catalogue d’exposition dans le Pavillion des Art, 7 février – 13 mai 2001. Paris: Pavillon des Arts, 2001. P. 62–65.
10. Çoruhlu Y. Yeni Dönem Ani Kazıları 2006–2007 Çalışmaları [New Period Sudden Excavations 2006–2007 Studies]. 30. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, II (26–30 Mayıs 2008). Ankara, 2009. P. 301–326. (In Turkish).
11. Çoruhlu Y. Kars/Ani Kazıları 2008 Yılı Çalışmaları [Kars/Ani Excavations 2008 Studies]. 31. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, III (25–29 Mayıs 2009). Ankara, 2010. P. 145–178. (In Turkish).
12. Çoruhlu Y. Kars/Ani Kazıları 2009 Yılı Çalışmaları [Kars/Ani Excavations 2009 Studies]. 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, II (24–28 Mayıs 2010). Ankara, 2011. P. 178–197 (In Turkish).
13. Arslan M. Anadolu’da ilk selçuklu mimarisi: Ani [The first Seljuk architecture in Anatolia: Ani]. Konya: Palet Yayinlari, 2021. 246 p. (In Turkish).
14. Баева О.В., Казарян А.Ю. Дворцовые постройки Ани. Предварительные итоги изучения // Актуальные проблемы теории и истории искусства. 2023. Вып. 13. C. 185–199.
https://doi.org/10.18688/aa2313-2-15
14. Baeva O.V., Kazaryan A.Yu. Palace Architecture of Ani: Preliminary Results of the Study. Aktual’nye problemy teorii i istorii iskusstva. 2023. Iss. 13, pp. 185–199. (In Russian).
https://doi.org/10.18688/aa2313-2-15

The article summarizes and analyzes published and archive materials on the state of the natural environment and the existing anthropogenic impact of the settlement of Solovetsky (Solovetsky Archipelago, Arkhangelsk Region). Based on the reconnaissance survey and route observations of the study area, cartographic materials were created containing zoning data for the study area according to the levels of permissible anthropogenic load. A methodological framework for implementing comprehensive long-term monitoring was developed and key areas for its implementation were identified. Field and laboratory studies were conducted using the developed set of indicators to assess the quality of the natural environment experiencing anthropogenic loads (atmospheric air, surface water sources, soil cover). Based on the results of office processing of the obtained data, conclusions were made on the permissibility of anthropogenic impact on environmental components. The conducted studies are of significant practical interest, since the obtained data on the anthropogenic load on the study area make it possible to regulate this impact, thereby ensuring the preservation of natural complexes and cultural heritage sites.

M.A. FROLOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.V. MOROZOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
G.A. GARAMOV, Postgraduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.M. AYZENSHTADT, Doctor of Sciences (Chemistry) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (17, Severnaya Dvina Embankment, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation)

1. Nikishina A.G. Sustainability of natural landscapes of the Solovetsky Islands to recreational effects. Priroda i hozyaystvo Severa. 1985. Iss. 13, pp. 81–87. (In Russian).
2. Nikishina A.G., Nikishin N.A. On the sustainability of the natural complexes of the Solovetsky Islands to recreational effects. Collection “Problems of nature protection and rational use of natural resources in the northern regions”. Arkhangelsk: 1982, pp. 25–26.
3. Feklistov P.A., Sobolev A.N. Lesnye nasazhdeniya Solovetskogo arkhipelaga (struktura, sostoyanie, rost) [Forest plantations of the Solovetsky Archipelago (structure, condition, growth)]: Monograph. Arkhangelsk: Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 2010. 201 p. EDN: QLBBZZ
4. Novoselov A.P., Dvoryankin G.A. Ecological features and opportunities for economic use of the Solovetsky archipelago freshwater ichthyofauna. Biologiya vnutrennikh vod. 2023. No. 3, pp. 372–381. (In Russian). EDN: POKGTV. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0320965223030178
5. Berdennikova Yu.A., Trofimova A.N., Popova L.F. Features of accumulation of organic matter by soils of Solovetsky village / Global problems of the Arctic and Antarctic: Collection of scientific materials of the All-Russian conference with international participation dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of the Academy of Sciences. Nikolai Pavlovich Laverov. Arkhangelsk, 02–05 November 2020 / Responsible editors: A.O. Gliko, A.A. Baryakh, K.V. Lobanov, I.N. Bolotov. Arkhangelsk: Federal Research Center for Integrated Arctic Studies named after Academician N.P. Laverov of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2020, pp. 361–364. (In Russian). EDN: YGGRCG
6. Titova K.V., Shvakova E.V., Popova L.F., Trofimova A.N., Popov S.S. Impact assessment of production facilities on soils of the Solovetsky village (Solovetsky Archipelago, Arkhangelsk Region). Izvestiya of Irkutsk state university. Series Biology. Ecology. 2020. Vol. 31, pp. 52–65. (In Russian). EDN: LMNWEL. https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2020.31.52
7. Lovdina T.I., Kokarev Ya.A., Tomilovskaya N.E., et al. The impact of anthropogenic pollution on natural reservoirs of the Solovetsky Archipelago. Biotechnologies – the driver of territory development: Collection of materials of the IV International Scientific and Practical Conference. Vologda, April 14–15, 2022 / Editor-in-chief D.M. Krivosheev. Vologda: Vologda State University, 2022, pp. 13–17. EDN: QEUEKQ
8. Kvashninova E.A., Bykov A.V. Assessment of the state of fresh natural reservoirs of the Solovetsky archipelago in the area of the settlement of Solovetskoye. Justification of the research / Lomonosov scientific readings of students, postgraduates and young scientists of the Higher School of Natural Sciences and Technologies of NARFU-2020: materials of conferences held within the framework of the Lomonosov scientific readings of students, postgraduates and young scientists of the Higher School of Natural Sciences and Technologies–2020. Arkhangelsk, April 13–17, 2020. Arkhangelsk: M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 2020, pp. 58–63.EDN: KUMWOK
9. Kvashninova E.A., Yunitsyna O.A., Rudakova V.A., Terentyev K.Yu. Assessment of bacterial pollution of natural reservoirs of the Solovetsky Archipelago near the village of Solovetsky / Technologies and equipment of the chemical, biotechnological and food industr: Materials of the XIII All-Russian scientific and practical conference of students, postgraduates and young scientists with international participation. Biysk, May 20–22, 2020. Biysk: Altai State Technical University named after I.I. Polzunov, 2020, pp. 253–257. EDN: ZJMLUK
10. Shagidullin R.R., Latypova V.Z., Ivanov D.V. Normalization of the permissible residual content of oil and products of its transformation in soils. Georesursi. 2011. No. 5 (41), pp. 2–5. (In Russian). EDN: OMUFOT

Currently, there is a development of high-rise and unique construction, which requires the study of new composite materials, the development of new calculation methods, and the introduction of innovative technologies. Pipe-concrete structures are a successful combination of two completely different materials – steel and concrete, combining their advantages. .In the experimental part, pipe-concrete samples with a length of 100 mm were tested with an axial compressive load. The shell pipe and the concrete core were also tested separately. Based on the results of the experiments, longitudinal deformation diagrams are constructed, which are compared with the deformation of a hollow steel pipe. Stress components in a steel cage and a concrete core are determined using the dependencies of the theory of small elastic-plastic deformations. The applicability of classical strength theories has been evaluated to assess the stress-strain state of a core in a state of triaxial compression and a steel shell experiencing tensile circumferential stresses from the internal pressure of the core on the pipe walls. An experimental evaluation of the obtained results was performed.

P.A. KHAZOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.P. POMAZOV, Postgraduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.K. SITNIKOVA, Postgraduate Student,
A.L. DUBOV, Student

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (65, Ilinskaya Street, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation)

1. Rimshin V.I., Krishan A.L., Astaf’eva M.A. Studies of the bearing capacity of centrally compressed concrete filled steel tubes. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 6, pp. 33–38. (In Russian). EDN: OZWOAC. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-6-33-38
2. Khazov P.A., Sitnikova A.K., Chibakova E.A. Calculation of pipe-concrete structures: the current state of the issue and prospects for further research (review). Privolzhskiy nauchnyy zhurnal. 2023. No. 4 (68), pp. 57–76. (In Russian). EDN: NESSKL
3. Ovchinnikov I.I., Ovchinnikov I.G., Chesnokov G.V., Mihaldykin E.S. On the problem of calculating pipe-concrete structures with a shell made of different materials. Part 1. Experience in the use of pipe concrete with a metal shell. Internet-zhurnal Naukovedenie. 2015. Vol. 7. No. 4, p. 91. (In Russian). EDN: UMATZX
4. Tamrazyan A.G., Manaenkov I.K. Testing of small diameter concrete filled steel tube samples with high reinforcement coefficient. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstrukciya. 2017. No. 4 (72), pp. 57–62. (In Russian). EDN: ­ZHHHIZ
5. Belyj G.I., Vedernikova A.A. Issledovanie prochnosti i ustojchivosti trubobetonnyh elementov konstrukcij obratnym chislenno-analiticheskim metodom. Vestnik grazhdanskih inzhenerov. 2021. No. 2 (85), pp. 26–35. (In Russian). EDN: VGEQAE. https://doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2021-18-2-26-35
6. Krishan A.L., Astafeva M.A., Rimshin V.I. et al. Compressed Reinforced Concrete Elements Bearing Capacity of Various Flexibility. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2022. Vol. 182, pp. 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85236-8_26
7. Zhang S., Miao K., Wei Y. et al. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns Strengthened by FRP/Steel Strips Under Axial Compression. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2023. 17, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-022-00556-2
8. Lazovic Radovanovic M.M., Nikolic J.Z., Radovanovic J.R., Kostic S.M. Structural Behaviour of Axially Loaded Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns during the Top-Down Construction Method. Applied Sciences. 2022. No. 12 (8), 3771. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083771
9. Pengfei Li, Tao Zhang, Chengzhi Wang. Behavior of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected to Axial Compression. Hindawi, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. 15 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4059675
10. Kido Masae, Tsuda Keigo, Haraguchi Masayuki. Ultimate strength of concrete filled square steel tubular beam-columns. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ). 2020, pp. 415–425. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijs.85.415
11. Khazov P.A., Pomazov A.P. Experimental study of longitudinal and transverse bending of pipe concrete rods. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Constructions]. 2023. No. 12, pp. 66–72. (In Russian). EDN: ANFJDO. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-12-66-71
12. Khazov P.A. Triaxial stress state of concrete under longitudinal deformation of tube-concrete samples. Problemy prochnosti i plastichnosti. 2023. Vol. 85. No. 2, pp. 5–15. (In Russian). EDN: FXDPIW. https://doi.org/10.32326/1814-9146-2023-85-2-312-322

The application of the limit equilibrium method to the calculation of reinforced concrete slabs allows us to obtain fairly simple expressions of the bearing capacity for various loading schemes. Usually, plates are calculated in a kinematic way, which consists in considering a set of possible destruction schemes, of which the one corresponding to the minimum load obtained from the equality of virtual works is taken as the calculated one. The reality of the schemes under consideration and, in particular, the calculated one is important, since otherwise the load-bearing capacity will be reduced.

B.A. BONDAREV¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.A. SUSLOV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.B. BONDAREV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.K. ZHIDKOV², Postgraduate Student (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
V.A. STUROVA^1,2, Senior Lecturer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Lipetsk State Technical University (398055, Lipetsk, Moskovskaya St., 30)
² Tambov State Technical University (392000, Tambov, Sovetskaya St., 106/5)

1. Azizov T.N. On the calculation of reinforced concrete orthotropic slabs. Vostochno-Evropejskij nauchnyj zhurnal. 2022. No. 1–1 (77), pp. 4–7. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31618/ESSA.2782-1994.2022.1.77.226
2. Zamaliev F.S., Tamrazyan A.G. On the calculation of steel-reinforced concrete ribbed slabs for restored floors. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstrukciya. 2021. No. 5 (97), pp. 3–15. (In Russian). EDN: BDUMYX. https://doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2021-97-5-3-15
3. Shmelev G.D. Features of verification calculations of reinforced concrete slabs and beam. Zhilishchnoe hozyajstvo i kommunal’naya infrastruktura. 2022. No. 3 (22), pp. 9–16. (In Russian). EDN: JPTJPK
4. Kiseleva A.V. Calculation of reinforced concrete slabs with dispersed reinforcement for various forms of stress diagrams in a normal section. Scientific, technical and economic cooperation of Asia-Pacific countries in the 21st century. 2019. Vol. 1, pp. 243–246. (In Russian). EDN: BABMOK
5. Utkina V.N. Calculation and assessment of the reliability of monolithic reinforced concrete slabs. Durability of building materials, products and structures: Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor V.P. Selyaeva, Saransk, December 03–05, 2019. Saransk. 2019, pp. 399–408. (In Russian). EDN: ­KVLNVK
6. Galyautdinov Z.R. Calculation of contour-supported reinforced concrete slabs on yielding supports under short-term dynamic loading. Safety of the Russian building stock. Problems and solutions: Materials of International Academic Readings, Kursk, November 18, 2020 / Edited by S.I. Merkulov. Kursk 2020, pp. 56–61. (In Russian). EDN: LPOZJX
7. Zvonov Yu.N. Towards the solution of the thermal engineering problem of reinforced concrete slabs under emergency impacts in a probabilistic formulation. Traditions, modern problems and prospects for the development of construction: Collection of scientific articles, Grodno, May 21–22, 2020. Grodno. 2020, pp. 51–55. (In Russian). EDN: YUPUCH
8. Efimenko E.A., Bekkiev M.Yu., Mailyan D.R., Chepurnenko A.S. Determination of the optimal location of supports in the floor slab of an industrial building using stochastic methods. Bulletin of the Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences. 2020. Vol. 47. No. 1, pp. 138–146. (In Russian). EDN: OUBBXM. https://doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2020-47-1-138-146
9. Trofimov A.V., Nazarova K.A. Taking into account the influence of the plate when calculating the bearing capacity of beams of a monolithic ribbed floor. Stroitel’naya mekhanika i raschet sooruzhenij. 2020. No. 5 (292), pp. 12–16. EDN: DHKCAQ. https://doi.org/10.37538/0039-2383.2020.5.12.16
10. Blazhko V.P. Technical solutions of a prefabricated monolithic building for reinforced concrete factories with limited technological capabilities. Beton i zhelezobeton. 2023. No. 4 (618), pp. 28–35. (In Russian). EDN: TBYBVO. https://doi.org/10.37538/0005-9889-2023-4(618)-28-35
11. Rimshin V.I., Kurbatov V.L., Ketsko E.S., Truntov P.S. Strengthening the structures of a textile industry building with external reinforcement from composite materials. Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zavedenij. Tekhnologiya tekstil’noj promyshlennosti. 2021. No. 6 (396), pp. 242–249. (In Russian). EDN: ABPOAY. https://doi.org/10.47367/0021-3497_2021_6_242
12. Shmindruk E.V. Calculation of a ribbed covering slab for bearing capacity. Promising stages of development of scientific research: theory and practice: Collection of materials of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference, Kemerovo, July 15, 2019. Vol. 1. Kemerovo. 2019, pp. 9–12. (In Russian). EDN: QVMVPN

The stages of historical events preceding the appearance of energy-efficient buildings in the Russian Federation are presented. The current state of the issue is being investigated, and problems preventing the active emergence of energy-efficient buildings are identified. Modern solutions of external enclosing structures of residential buildings are analyzed on the basis of Russian experience, taking into account climatic conditions and peculiarities of calculating the thermophysical properties of enclosing structures. It is proposed to use cheaper and less labor-intensive single-layer enclosing structures in the construction of buildings.

L.Yu. GNEDINA¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
L.A. OPARINA², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² Ivanovo State Polytechnic University (21, Sheremetevskiy Prospect, Ivanovo, 143000, Russian Federation)

1. Aloyan R.M., Fedosov S.V., Oparina L.A. Energoeffektivnye zdaniya – sostoyanie, problemy i puti resheniya [Energy-efficient buildings – status, problems and solutions]. Ivanovo: PresSto, 2016. 276 p.
2. Kosarev L.V., Dobrynkina O.V., Boldyrev N.Yu., Kostyukova Yu.S., Bolshanov S.A. Selection of modern modifiers for the construction of plaster facades of buildings in the Far North. Innovatsii i investitsii. 2021. No. 11, pp. 168–171. (In Russian). EDN: COEXLW
3. Yun A.Ya. Analiz effektivnosti dvukhsloinogo i odnosloinogo utepleniya ventiliruemykh fasadov. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2017. No. 7, pp. 77–79. (In Russian). EDN: ZCSLAD
4. Savin V.K. Stroitel’naya fizika: energoekonomika [Construction physics: energy transfer, energy efficiency, energy saving]. Moscow: Lazur. 2005. 432 p.
5. Savin V.K. Stroitel’naya fizika: energoekonomika [Construction physics: energy economics]. Moscow: Lazur. 2011. 418 p.
6. Anpilov S.M., Erofeev V.T., Rimshin V.I., Skolubovich Yu.L., Sorochaikin A.N. Experience in the practical implementation of innovative building materials and products. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2024. No. 8, pp. 31–39. (In Russian). EDN: PQGLLG. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2024-827-8-31-39
7. Yatsenko N.D., Yatsenko A.I. Use of industrial waste to improve the performance properties of ceramic bricks. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2024. No. 4, pp. 37–42. (In Russian). EDN: OQPCAH. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2024-823-4-37-42
8. Pastushkov P.P., Pavlenko N.V., Smirnov S.I. Research of the influence of various factors on the thermal conductivity of large-format ceramic stones. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 53–57. EDN: GTBBMK. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-813-5-53-57
9. Pastushkov P.P., Ilyin D.A., Shalimov V.N., Kurilyuk I.S. Operational humidity of thermal insulation boards made of polyisocyanurate foam (PIR) in modern roofing systems. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 6, pp. 12–15. (In Russian). EDN: FZSYCE. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-814-6-12-15
10. Yumasheva E.I. The market of finishing and thermal insulation materials in 2023. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2023. No. 11, pp. 75–79. (In Russian). EDN: ZIQPBL. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2023-819-11-75-79
11. Vakhrushev K.G., Roshchupkin V.N., Simachkov M.A. Modular ventilated facades of the G-tech system: a new stage in the development of technologies in facade construction. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2024. No. 4, pp. 38–49. (In Russian). EDN: QHHOVY. https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2024.04.38-49
12. Avdeev K.V., Bobrov V.V., Tuchin M.A., Kudryavtsev N.A., Borzov D.D. Rheological properties of polymer concrete for curtain wall panels // Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2024. No. 6, pp. 52–58. (In Russian). EDN: JAOFXZ. https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2024.06.52-58
13. Vedyakov I.I., Uritsky M.R., Korzhov O.V., Kolosova E.A. The need for coordinated actions of all participants when changing decisions during the construction process. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2023. No. 10, pp. 49–54. (In Russian). EDN: JFAZQQ. https://doi.org/10.33622/0869-7019.2023.10.49-54

The analysis of the preservation of the facades of Orthodox churches built in different historical epochs is given. The issue of thermal stability of building enclosing structures is considered. The importance of taking into account the microclimate of the basements is noted. Examples of the implementation of modern engineering systems that do not violate the historical appearance of religious buildings are given. Further development of engineering systems, including the use of renewable energy sources and their impact on the historical appearance of Orthodox churches is analyzed.

A.G. KOCHEV, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
M.M. SOKOLOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.A. FEDOTOV, Graduate Student,
V.A. UVAROV, Graduate Student

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (65, Ilinskaya Street, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation)

1. Grabar I. Istoriya russkago iskusstva. Arhitektura. T. 1. Istoriya arhitektury. Do-petrovskaya epoha. V” obrab. otd”l. ch. izd. prinyali uchastie A. Benua [The history of Russian art. Architecture. Vol. 1. History of architecture. The pre-Petrine era. In the processing of the final part of the edition, A. Benois took part]. Moscow: Knebel, 1910. 511 p.
2. Grabar I. Istoriya russkago iskusstva. Arhitektura. T. 2. Istoriya arhitektury. Do-petrovskaya epoha [The history of Russian art. Architecture. Vol. 2. History of architecture. Pre-Petrine epoch]. Moscow: Knebel, 1913. 480 p.
3. Baranovsky G.V. Arhitekturnaya enciklopediya vtoroj poloviny XIX veka. T. 1. Arhitektura ispovedanij [Architectural encyclopedia of the second half of the XIX century. Vol. 1. Architecture of confessions]. Saint Petersburg: Editorial board of the magazine “Stroitel’”, 1902. 516 p.
4. Gnedich P.P. Istoriya iskusstv s drevnejshih vremyon [The history of art since ancient times]. Saint Petersburg: A.F. Marx, 1885. 506 p.
5. Pavlovsky A.K. Course of heating and ventilation. Part 2. Central heating systems. Ventilation. St. Petersburg: Stroitel’, 1907. 440 p.
6. Kochev A.G., Sokolov M.M. The influence of external aerodynamics on the microclimate of orthodox churches. Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2017. 189 p.
7. Kochev A.G., Sokolov M.M. Determination of the temperature of convective flows at the inner surfaces of enclosing structures of Orthodox churches. Stroitel`stvo i texnogennaya bezopasnost`. 2022. No. S1, pp. 239–245. (In Russian). EDN: LDAOYU
8. Kochev A.G., Sokolov M.M., Lushin K.K. Air exchange calculation in traditional build-ings of orthodox churches In Russia. E3S Web of Conferences: 24, Moscow, 22–24 April 2021. Moscow, 2021. P. 04048. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304048
9. Kochev A.G., Sokolov M.M., Lushin K. K. Indoor Air Quality in Underground Premises of Ancient Churches. AIP conference proceedings: Electronic edition, Moscow, 20–22 April 2022. Moscow, 2023. P. 050014. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0143548
10. Kochev A.G., Sokolov M.M., Kocheva E.A., Uvarov V.A. The influence of temperature regime on the preservation of religious buildings. Stroitel`stvo i texnogennaya bezopasnost`. 2023. No. S1, pp. 274–280. (In Russian). EDN: TBDOFM
11. Uvarov V.A., Kochev A.G., Sokolov M.M. Numerical study of the flow during air convection in the church of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky. Izvestiya Kazanskogo gosudarstvennogo arxitekturno-stroitel`nogo universiteta. 2024. No. 2 (68), pp. 17–25. (In Russian). EDN: DYQWJG. https://doi.org/10.48612/NewsKSUAE/68.2
12. Lushin K.I. The connection of heat flows of heating devices and inertial characteristics of premises. BST: Byulleten` stroitel`noj texniki. 2023. No. 6 (1066), pp. 52–54. (In Russian). EDN: SLGRUK
13. Kochev A.G., Gagarin V.G., Sokolov M.M., Kocheva E.A. The possibility of using renewable energy sources in the design of systems for creating and maintaining microclimate parameters in orthodox churches. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 11, pp. 58–63. (In Russian). EDN: YLVRLJ. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-11-58-63

An engineering method for calculating the sound insulation of multilayer glazing with up to 5 glasses is presented. The calculation is based on analytical expressions for determining the coefficients of resonant and non-resonant sound transmission. The calculations take into account resonant frequencies of the “mass-elasticity-mass” type, calculated for systems with up to 4 degrees of freedom. Total losses in the material, radiation and outflow into adjacent structures were also taken into account. The results of measurements of sound insulation of 4–5 complex glazing, the corresponding design of noise-proof windows in separate covers and an assessment of the convergence of the results of calculations of sound insulation and experiment are shown. The results of measurements of multilayer glazing in combination with the KIV-125 air exchange device, as well as the results of measurements of noise-proof windows in separate covers with a special air exchange device are also presented.

S.N. OVSYANNIKOV^1,2, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.S. SAMOKHVALOV^1,2, Engineer (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
I.L. SHUBIN², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (TSUAB) (2, Solyanaya Square, Tomsk, 634003, Russian Federation)
² Research Institute of building physics (NIISF) (21, Locomotive tr., 127238, Russian Federation)

1. Miskinis K. et al. Comparison of sound insulation of windows with double glass units. Applied Acoustics. 2015. No. 92, pp. 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.01.007
2. Urbán D. et al. Assessment of sound insulation of naturally ventilated double skin facades. Building and Environment. 2016. Vol. 110, pp. 148–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.10.004
3. Orduña-Bustamante F. et al. Simplified vented acoustic window with broadband sound transmission loss. Applied Acoustics. 2024. 217. 109865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2024.109865
4. Fausti P., Secchi S., Zuccherini Martello N. The use of façade sun shading systems for the reduction of indoor and outdoor sound pressure levels. Building Acoustics. 2019. 26:181–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1351010X19863577
5. Lam B. et al. Physical limits on the performance of active noise control through open windows. Applied Acoustics. 2018. 137, pp. 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.02.024
6. Rindel J.H. Sound Insulation in Buildings. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 2018. 476. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351228206
7. Овсянников С.Н., Самохвалов А.С. Окна в раздельных переплетах с высокой тепло-звукоизоляцией // Строительные материалы. 2012. № 6. C. 42–43. EDN: PCFYCL
7. Ovsyannikov S.N., Samokhvalov A.S. Windows in separate bindings with high heat and sound insulation. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 6, pp. 42–43. (In Russian). EDN: PCFYCL
8. Овсянников С.Н., Самохвалов А.С. Звукоизоляция однослойных остеклений, одно- и двухкамерных стеклопакетов. // Жилищное строительство. 2023. № 12. С. 12–17. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-12-12-17
8. Ovsyannikov S.N., Samokhvalov A.S. Sound insulation of single-layer glazing, single- and double-glazed windows. Zhilishnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 12, pp. 12–17. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-12-12-17
9. Овсянников С.Н., Самохвалов А.С. Звукопередача через ограждения с малыми техническими элементами, включая воздухообменные устройства // Строительство и реконструкция. 2024. № 5 (115). С. 31–43. https://doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2024-115-5-31-43
9. Ovsyannikov S.N., Samokhvalov A.S. Sound transmission through enclosing structures with small technical elements, including air exchange devices. Stroitel’stvo I Reconstructiya. 2024. № 5 (115). С. 31–43. https://doi.org/10.33979/2073-7416-2024-115-5-31-43

The main provisions of infrared thermographic testing of building envelopes, taking into account current regulatory documents and requirements for control means are considered. The infrared thermography refers to the thermal type of non-destructive testing and is a non-contact method. This introduces a number of methodological requirements for its application in practice, which implies a high qualification of specialists involved in diagnostics. The difficulty lies in the fact that none of the modern standards that are considered in the work allows you to fully carry out the entire volume of required field tests of structures, each of them describes the measurement of individual parameters. Some of them are seriously outdated, others are unnecessarily complicated, others mention the use of infrared cameras, but do not give an understanding of how to use them. Thus, the requirements for methodological documents and staff qualifications are increasing, which combine the provisions of individual standards into a single control technology, taking into account the modern theory and practice of the thermal control and calculation models of heat transfer.

Е.V. ABRAMOVA, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of RAACS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

1. Levin E.V., Okunev A.Yu. Normative regulation of the examination of heat-protection properties of enclosing structures in natural conditions. Revision of the provisions of GOST R 54852–2011. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2021. No. 6, pp. 30–41. (In Russian). EDN: IVGFMN. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-6-30-41
2. Budadin O.N., Vavilov V.P., Abramova E.V. Teplovoy control. Pod. Red. V.V. Klyueva [Thermal nondestructive testing. Edited by Klyuev]. Moscow: Spectr. 2011. 176 p.
3. Vavilov V.P. Thermal nondestructive testing: The development of traditional directions and new trends (review). Defectoscopiya. 2023. No. 6, pp. 38–58. (In Russian). EDN: AAHBMI. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0130308223060040
4. Vavilov V.P., Chulkov A.O., Nesteruk D.A., Kladov D.Yu.Principle, equipment and applications of line-scanning infrared thermographic NDT. JONE. 2023. 42:89. 8 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-023-01001-4
5. Chulkov A.O., Shagdyrov B.I., Vavilov V.P., Kladov D.Yu.,Stasevskiy V.I. Detecting and Evaluating Water Ingress in Horizontally Oriented Aviation Honeycomb Panels by Using Automated Thermal Nondestructive Testing. Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing. 2023. Vol. 59. No. 12, pp. 1272–1279. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830923600946
6. Zhu Pengfei, Zhang Hai, Sfarra S., Sarasini F., Usamentiaga R., Vavilov V., Ibarra-Castanedo C., Maldague X. Enhancing resistance to low-velocity impact of electrospun-manufactured interlayer-strengthened CFRP by using infrared thermography. NDT & E International. 2024. Vol. 144, p. 103083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2024.103083
7. Chernnykh S.E., Vavilov V.P., Kostin V.N., Komolikov Yu.I., Kladov D.Yu. Thermal nondestructive testing of corundum ceramics: pulse heating and optimized data processing algorithms. Defectoscopiya. 2024. No. 9, pp. 15–24. (In Russian). EDN: ECBBIK. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0130308223090051
8. Klyuev V.V., Budadin O.N., Abramova E.V., Pichugin A.N., Kozelskaya S.O. Teplovoy control compozitnyukh constructsyui v usloviyakh silovogoi I udarnogo nagrugenia. [Thermal Nondestructive Testing of composite structures under conditions of force and shock loading] Moscow: Spectr. 2017. 200 p.
9. Budadin O.N., Abramova E.V., Kozelskaya S.O., Fedotov M.Yu. Modern technology of Thermal Nondestructive Testing of heat-protective parameters of buildings enclosing construction and structures under operating conditions. Promising tasks of engineering science: Collection of articles of the XIV International Scientific Forum, Moscow, May 17, 2023. Moscow: Impulse Engineering Center LLC. 2023. 462 p.
10. Sinitsyn A.A., Popov N.M. Assessment of the quality of external building fences using thermal non-destructive testing of a residential building. Vestnik of Vologda State University. Series: Technical Sciences. 2024. No. 1 (23), pp. 23–26. (In Russian). EDN: ­HIHAKF
11. Levin E.V., Okunev A.Yu., Umnyakova N.P., Shubin I.L. Osnovi sovremennoy stroitelnoy termografii. [Fundamentals of modern building thermography].Edited by I.L. Shubin. Moscow: NIISF RAASN. 2012. 176 p.
12. Kladov D.Yu., Chulkov A.O., Vavilov V.P., Stasevsky V.I., Yurkina V.A. The effectiveness of using various types infrared cameras in active thermal control. Defectoscopiya. 2023. No. 7, pp. 25–32. (In Russian). EDN: DVSICD. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0130308223070035

The main regulatory requirements and typical errors in the performance of thermal engineering calculations of facade translucent structures (FTS) are considered.The assessment of the influence of incorrect or erroneous choice of parameters of thermal engineering calculations on the calculation model and calculation results is given.The analysis was carried out taking into account the current regulatory documents for conducting thermal engineering calculations and laboratory testing of the FTS.

T.V. GUTORA¹, Team Leader of the Project Office (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
A.A. VERKHOVSKY², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ JSC “SСHUEKO International Moscow” (8, Razina Street, Solnechnogorsk, 141504, Moscow Region, Russian Federation)
² Scientific-Research Institute of Building Physics of RAACS (21, Lokomotivniy Driveway, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)

1. Gutora T.V., Verkhovsky A.A. Design of FTS for high-rise buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 12, pp. 8–11. (In Russian). EDN: HHKCZZ. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-12-8-11
2. Verkhovsky A.A., Konstantinov A.P., Smirnov V.A. Standardization and requirements of normative documentation for curtain walls in the Russian Federation. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2020. No. 6, pp. 35–40. (In Russian). EDN: CENGPV. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-6-35-40
3. Konstantinov A.P., Krutov A.A., Tikhomirov A.M. Assessment of the PVC windows thermal characteristics in winter. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2019. No. 8, pp. 65–72. (In Russian). EDN: FGNPHO. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2019-773-8-65-72
4. Stetsky S.V., Larionova K.O. Assessment of the insolation duration for the facades of buildings and adjacent territories under certain parameters of their development. Light and Engineering. 2021. Vol. 29. No. 5, pp. 28–34. EDN: HELTAL. https://doi.org/10.33383/2021-069
5. Glikin S.M. The role of translucent structures in energy saving of buildings. ACADEMIA. Architectura i stroitel’stvo. 2009. No. 5, pp. 381–384. (In Russian). EDN: MTPEDV
6. Eldyshev Yu.A., Sesyunin S.G. The influence of the heat transfer process at the outer surface of the wall on the temperature of the inner surface of the window block. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2007. No. 8, pp. 25–27. (In Russian).
7. Margaryan V.G. Features of the Regime of Wind Speed Climatic Characteristics in the Syunik Marz Area. Proceedings of VSU, Series: Geography. Geoecology. 2020. No. 2, pp. 46–54. https://doi.org/10.17308/geo.2020.2/2885

The regulatory limit of water permeability of translucent enclosing structures in Russia and the methods of laboratory tests of water permeability are not tied to the construction conditions (climatic parameters of the construction region, building height, etc.). In this paper, we propose a method for calculating the initial data for assessing the waterproofness of translucent structures, taking into account the construction conditions (climatic region of construction, height of installation of the structure). This method is based on the application of standard data from long-term meteorological observations on the intensity of horizontal precipitation and wind speed during rain. This calculation method is proposed to be used in substantiating the design requirements for the waterproofness of translucent structures, as well as during laboratory tests. The use of this method is possible only if there is long-term meteorological observation data on the intensity of horizontal precipitation and wind speed during rain.

A.S. TRAORE, Postgraduate (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
А.P. KONSTANTINOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.S. AKSENOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Bossche N.V.D. Watertightness of Building Components: Principles, Testing and Design Guidelines. Stedenbouw: Universiteit Gent. 2013. January. 297 р.
2. Lacy R.E. Driving-rain maps and the onslaught of rain on buildings. RILEM/CIB Symp. On Moisture Problems in Buildings, Rain Penetration, Helsinki. 1965. August 16–19. Vol. 3, pp. 3–4.
3. Straube J.F. and Burnett, E.F.P. Simplified prediction of driving rain deposition. Proc of International Building Physics Conference, Eindhoven. 2000, September 18–21, pp. 375–382.
4. Best A.C. 1950. The size distribution of raindrops. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 1950. Vol. 76, pp. 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49707632704
5. Dingle A.N. and Lee Y. Terminal Fallspeeds of Raindrops. The Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 1972. August. Vol. 11, pp. 877–879.
6. Богданова Э.Г. Методика расчета сумм осадков, проходящих через вертикальное сечение // Труды Главной геофизической обсерватории им. А.И. Воейкова. 1975. Вып. 341. С. 79–87.
6. Bogdanova E.G. Methodology for calculating precipitation amounts passing through a vertical section. Trudy Glavnoy Geophysicheskoy Observatorii im. A.I. Voeikova. 1975. Iss. 341, pp. 79–87. (In Russian).
7. Иванова Е.В. Специализированные характеристики интенсивности осадков для прикладных целей: Дис. … канд. геогр. наук. СПб., 2011. 112 с.
7. Ivanova E.V. Specialized characteristics of precipitation intensity for applied purposes. Cand. Diss. (Geography). Saint Petersburg. 2011. 112 p. (In Russian).
8. Linsley R.K., Kohler M.A., Paulhus J.L.H. Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York, US. 1975.[

According to Article 9 of the Federal Law No. 384-FZ “Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures”, construction sites in earthquake-prone areas are required to protect human life and health in an earthquake. In addition, in clause 5.3. of the sanitary norms of the CH 2.2.4/2.1.8.566-96 “Industrial vibration, vibration in the premises of residential and public buildings” it is even theoretically justified that increased vibration of buildings has a harmful effect on human health. However, in the Building Regulations 14.13330.2018 “Construction in seismic areas”, the requirement of Federal Law No. 384-FZ and bR 2.2.4/2.1.8.566-96 for the protection of human health is simply ignored. Therefore, in the article, calculations of vibrations in buildings during earthquakes of 7, 8, 9 points show that the protection of human health during these seismic impacts is possible in construction objects only of a rigid type.

A.V. MASLYAEV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Scientific Research Seismic Laboratory (27, bldg A, 51, Zemlyachki Street, Volgograd,400117, Russian Federation)

1. Aisenberg Y.M. Sooruzheniya s vyklyuchayushchimisya svyazyami dlya seismicheskikh raionov [Structures with switched-off connections for seismic areas]. Moscow: Stroiyizdat. 1976. 229 p.
2. Vakhov V.P. Mental violations at the serving organized collectives around disas ters. Mental disturbances at victims during an earthquake in Armenia. Papers of scientific research institute of general and judicial psychiatry of V.P. Serbsky. 1989, pp. 34–41. (In Russian).
3. Aruin A.S., Zatsiorsky V.M. Ergonomicheskaya biomekhanika [Ergonomic biomechanics]. Moscow: Mashinostroeniie. 1989. 256 p.
4. Maslyaev A.V. Priority tasks of the construction science of Russia. Zhilishchnoe Stroitelstvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 29–34. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-5-29-34
5. Lobastov O.S, Levchenko S.L. Some regularities of origin and the course of pathological reactions of fear at people in the premises which appeared around an earthquake. Leningrad: Voenno-meditsinskaya arademiya im. S.M. Kirova.1983. (In Russian).
6. Ulomov V.I. Earthquake in Armenia: element and responsibility. Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo Uzbekistana.1989. No. 12, pp. 1–4. (In Russian).
7. Maslyaev A.V. Priority tasks of construction science of Russia. Zhilishchnoe Stroitelstvo [Housing Construction]. 2023. No. 5, pp. 29–34. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2023-5-29-34
8. Maslyaev A.V. Seismozashchita zdanii v naselennykh punktakh diya sokhraneniya zhizni I zdorovya lyudei pri zemletryasenii [Seismic protection of buildings in populated areas to preserve the life and health of people in case of an earthquake]. Volgograd: VolgGTU. 2018. 149 p.
9. Maslyaev A.V. Seismozashchita zdanii v naselennykh punktakh diya sokhraneniya zhizni I zdorovya lyudei pri zemletryasenii [Seismic protection of buildings in settlements to of Russia for preserve the life and health of people during an earthquake, flood]. Moscow: Pero. 2022. 286 p.
10. Polyakov S.V. Seismostoikie konstruktsii zdanii [Earthquake-resistant structures of buildings]. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 1983. 304 р.
11. Maslyaev A.V. Increase in the loss of health of the population in buildings during earthquakes in federal laws and normative documents of the Russian Federation. Zhilishchnoe Stroitelstvo [Housing Consrruction]. 2017. No. 4, pp. 43–47. (In Russian).
12. Chernyshov M.V. Mental reactions of the population during catastrophic earth quakes. The Scientific and practical conference in psychiatric hospital No. 3 of Moscow. 1972, pp. 349–353. (In Russian).
13. Melnikov A.V. Psychogenic frustration at victims during an earthquake. Mental disturbances at victims during an earthquake in Armenia. Papers of scientific research institute of general and judicial psychiatry of V.P. Serbsky.1989, pp. 54–61. (In Russian).
14. Ginzburg A.V., Maslyaev A.V. Protection of localities in hazardous natural phenomena is the main purpose of the Russian construction system. Zhilishchnoe Stroitelstvo [Housing Consrruction]. 2021. No. 12, pp. 35–44. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2021-12-35-44
15. Maslyaev A.V. In case of natural hazards, mass residential buildings should protect people’s lives and health. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2022. No. 5, pp. 44–52. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2022-5-44-52
16. Aptikaev F.F. Instrumentalnaya shkala seismicheskoy artivnosti [Instrumental scale of seismic intensity]. Moscow: Nauka I Obrazovanie. 2012. 176 p.
17. Steinberg V.V. Ground vibrations during earthquakes. Sources and impact of destructive seismic vibration. Voprosy inzhenernoi seismologii. 1990. Iss. 31, pp. 47–67. (In Russian).
18. Maslyaev A.V. Preserving the health of people in buildings during an earthquake. Prirodnye i tekhnogennye riski. Bezopasnost sooruzhenii. 2014. No. 2, pp. 38–42. (In Russian).

The limits of application of the graph-analytical method for calculating the settlement of a single pile in a single-layer soil massif depending on the length and diameter of the pile are investigated. The graph-analytical method makes it possible to take into account non-linear work of the soil on the whole surface of the pile, exclusion from further work of the soil area along the lateral surface of the pile, where the ultimate strength of the soil was reached, mechanism of load distribution on the pile and friction reduction at the contact “pile–soil”. A comparative analysis of the results obtained by the graph-analytical method and numerical simulation performed in the Plaxis 2d software package was performed. According to the results of calculations, the graphs of dependence of settlements on loads were plotted and a comparative analysis of the character of deformation of the graphs, distribution of loads on the pile and values of settlements was performed. As a result, conclusions were drawn about the applicability of the graph-analytical solution for calculating pile settlements depending on their length and diameter, and recommendations were given for adjusting the design domain and pile load distribution to increase convergence with the numerical solution.

V.V. SIDOROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Docent of the Department MGiG NIU MGSU, Research Center “Geotechnics named after Z.G. Ter-Martirosyan”,
A.Z. TER-MARTIROSYAN, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Vice-Rector (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.), Professor of the Department of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnics, Chief Researcher of the Scientific and Educational Center “Geotechnics” named after Z.G. Ter-Martirosyan of the National Research University MGSU,
A.S. ALMAKAEVA, Junior Researcher of Research Center “Geotechnics” named after Z.G. Ter-Martirosyan” (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (26, Yaroslavskoe Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

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