The analysis of the causes of water manifestations of different intensity when constructing and operating tunnel and near the tunnel structures is presented. The combined methods of implementation of injection works under the various geotechnical conditions with due regard for the intensity of water inflow in underground structures are proposed. It is shown that special grouting injection mixtures are used to fill large voids, cavities, and cracks (the first stage), followed by injection with the use of particularly fine disperse mineral binders to fill the capillary-porous structure of the soil, macro- and microcracks cracks, as well as other defects in the body of reinforced concrete enclosing structures. The project of elimination of water manifestations, according to which the zones of depressurization of the space behind lining with the absorption of injection suspension of not more than 5 l/min at a pressure less than 1 MPa were filled in with the injection mixture was realized, at more intense absorption the grouting mix based on Portland cement was used. After the elimination of zones of soil softening, the suspensions on the basis of a particularly fine disperse mineral binder were injected. The stages of implementation of the elimination of water manifestations, in parallel with which the restoration of waterproofing in the expansion joints was made by injection of elastic waterproofing material through the holes specially drilled at an angle of 32° with a step of 0.5 m are presented. It is concluded that the total volume of consumed injection mixtures on a mineral basis is 20 to 250 kg per running meter of the tunnel.

I.Ya. HARCENKO¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.I.PANCHENKO¹, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering),
V.A. ALEKSEEV¹, Engineer;
A.I. HARCENKO², Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Director

¹ Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (26, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)
² ZAO “Ingeostroy” (7, Kalitnikovskaya Street, Moscow, 109147, Russian Federation)

1. Davick K., Andersson H. Urban road tunnels – an underground solution to overground problems. Oslo: Norwegian Society of Tunneling. 2002. No. 12, рр. 23–34.
2. Karlsrud K. Control of water manifestations in the construction of tunnels in the city. Oslo: Norwegian Society of Tunneling. 2002. No. 12, pp. 13–22.
3. Sealant Waterproofing and Restoration Institute (SWRI). Kansas City. MO 64105. 2010. 210 p.
4. Tolppanen P., Syrzhaenen P. The practice of carburizing tunnels in Finland, Sweden and Norway. MTR Julkaisut N: RO 1, 2006. 154 p.
5. Beatnes A. The practice of building long tunnels in Norway. Tunnels and Tunneling International. 2005. Juni. 210 p.
6. Projektmanagment of National Associacion Waterproofing Contractors. Cleveland. OH 44122, 2010. 140 p.
7. Kubal M. Waterproofing of buildings and structures. Moscow: Technosphere. 2012. 600 p.
8. Kharchenko I.Ya., Krivchun S.A., Burianov A.F., Kharchen-ko A.I. Structure and properties of ground-concrete for the development of underground space in conditions of dense urban development. International scientific conference «Integration, partnership and innovation in building science and education». Moscow, 16–17.11.2016, pp. 722–228.
9. Lev Alimov, Igor kharcenko and Viktor Voronin: Nanomodified preparations based on finelz dispersed binders for soil reinforcement. MATEC Web of Conferences 106, 02004 (2071) SPbWOSCE-201.
10. Panchenko A.I., Kharchenko I.Ya., Alekseev S.V. Mikrotsementy [Micro cement]. Moscow: ASV. 2014. 76 p.
11. Harcenko A.I., Bagenov D.A., Sugkoev Z.A. Kompositbindemittel fur Hochdruckinjektionen bei wassergesatigten Boden. 19. Internationale Baustoftagung «IBAUSIL», September 13 – 16.09.2015, Weimar, рр. 367–374.
12. Kharchenko I.Ya., Krivchun SA, Kharchenko A.I. Technology and properties of composite astringents for compaction and hardening of soils during the development of underground space. The first International scientific and practical conference INTERMETRO «Prospects for the development of the subway in the conditions of intensive introduction of new technologies». Moscow. 17–18.12.2015.
13. Harchenko A.I., Harchenko I.J. Fine-grained self-compacting concrete based on modified binder for monolithic construction. International conference «Ibausil». Weimar. 2012.
14. Harcenko I.Ya., Bajenov D.A. Efficient self-compacting fine concrete with compensated shrinkage. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2018. No. 5, pp. 48–52. (In Russian).
15. Bajenov D.A. , Harchenko A.I., Harcenko I.Ya. Technological features of the application of a particularly finely dispersed binder Microdur in geotechnical construction. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2012. No. 10, pp. 65–67.

The article presents the materials of modeling a residential brick building on a pile foundation during its superstructure and analysis of the stress-strain state of the supporting structures and foundation soils. The simulation was performed in the software – computing complex «MicroFe», which makes it possible to create a calculation scheme in the form of a system «base – foundation – over-foundation structures». Calculations were conducted for different models of pile-ground foundation (absolutely rigid and pliable). Thus, for a absolutely rigid pile-ground base, the forces and stresses in individual building structures exceeded the design values, for a pliable base- the largest reinforcement deficit was less than 1% compared to the project. So taking into account the pliability of the pile-ground base leads to smoothing and decreasing of forces and stresses in structures.

I.I. PODSHIVALOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering),
A.A. FILIPPOVICH, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
R.V. SHALGINOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (2, Solyanaya Square, Tomsk, 634003, Russian Federation)

1. Ilyichev V.A., Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Experience in the development of the underground space of Russian megacities. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2012. No. 2, pp. 17–20. (In Russian).
2. Ulitsky V.M., Shashkin A.G., Shashkin K.G. Geotekchni-cheskoe soprovogdenie razvitiya gorodov [Geotechnical support of urban development]. Sain Peterburg: Georekonstrukciya. 2010. 551 p.
3. Nurguzhinov Z.S., Kopanica D.G., Kosharnova Y.E., Ustinov A.M., Useinov E.S. Pilot studies of the facilitated laying on the central and non-central loading. Vestnik TGASU. 2016. No. 2, pp. 107–116. (In Russian).
4. Kopanica D.G., Kabancev O.V., Useinov E.S. Pilot studies of fragments of a bricklaying on action of static and dynamic loading. Vestnik TGASU. 2012. No. 4, pp. 157–178. (In Russian).
5. Kabancev O.V., Tamrazyan A.G. The accounting of changes of the settlement scheme in the analysis of work of a design. Inzhenerno-stroitelnyj zhurnal. 2014. No. 5, pp. 15–26. (In Russian).
6. Kabantsev O. Modeling Nonlinear Deformation and Destraction Masonry under Biaxial Stress. Part 2. Strenht Criteria and Numerical Expiriment. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2015, pp. 808–819.
7. Ulibin A.V., Zubkov S.V. Methods of control of strength of ceramic bricks in the inspection of buildings and structures. Inzhenerno-stroitelnyj zhurnal. 2012. No. 3, pp. 29–34. (In Russian).
8. Jushhube S.V., PodshivalovI.I., Samarin D.G., Filippovich A.A., Shalginov R.V. Experimental study of stress-strain state of fragments of masonry of the exterior walls of a ceramic stone. Vestnik TGASU. 2017. No. 1, pp. 174–180. (In Russian)
9. Jushhube S.V., Podshivalov I.I., Samarin D.G., Filippovich A.A., Shalginov R.V. The strength of extrior walls masonry of hollow ceramic stoney. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 1–2, pp. 52–54. (In Russian)
10. Shashkin A.G., Ulitsky V.М. Fundamentals of monitoring the mechanical safety of structures during construction and operation. Promyshlennoe i grazhdanskoe stroitel’stvo. 2017. No. 12, pp. 6–14. (In Russian).
11. ShashkinV.A. The effects of the interaction of foundations and structures. Razvitie gorodov i geotehnicheskoe stroitel’stvo. 2012. No. 14, pp. 141–167. (In Russian).
12. ShashkinA.G., ShashkinK.G.Vzaimodejstvie zdanija i osnovanija: metodika rascheta i prakticheskoe primenenie pri proektirovanii [The interaction of buildings and grounds: methods of calculation and practical application in the design]. Sain Peterburg: Strojizdat SPb. 2002. 48 p.
13. Karpenko N.I.,Karpenko S.N., Kuznetsov E.N. About modern problems of calculation high-rise buildings from monolithic reinforced concrete. II All-Russian (International) conference. Concrete and reinforced concrete – ways of development. Scientific works of a conference in five books. Vol. 1. Moscow. 2005, pp. 149–166. (In Russian).

Evaluation of the bearing capacity of the pile by analytical methods and further verification of these values by field tests is an important aspect of the design of pile foundations. The article presents the experience in organization and conducting field tests of a reinforced concrete barrette with the use of the method of the wave theory of impact under the conditions of the existing development. An assessment of the possibility of using this method under the conditions of the tight construction site is made. The experimental data obtained confirm the providing of bearing capacity of the barrette on the ground with excess within the range of 5–20% at the calculated level of vertical displacements. This shows a good convergence of the numerical methods of modeling of operation of a long barrette in the soil when designing. Tests of barrettes were conducted without damage to their performance. The continuity and homogeneity of the barrette design was confirmed in the course of the test conducting. Fixed speeds of fluctuations of the structures of the surrounding development are substantially below the maximum permissible values. Vibrations of the material caused by the impact, for the most part spread in the body of the structure, and sharply damped in the ground outside its limits.

O.A. MAKOVETSKY¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering);
S.S. ZUEV², Deputy General Director

¹ Perm National Research Polytechnic University (29, Komsomolsky Avenue, Perm, 614019, Russian Federation)
² JSC “New Ground” (35, Kronshtadtskaya Street, Perm, 614081, Russian Federation)

1. Mangushev R.A. Numerical, analytical and field methods of assessment of bearing capacity of piles and piles-Barret of deep laying in weak soils of St. Petersburg. Papers of articles science-technecal conference “Numerical methods of calculations in practical geotechnics”. SPBGASU. 2012, pp. 44–52. (In Russian).
2. Petrukhin V.P., Shulyat’ev O.A., Bokov I.A., Shulyat’ev S.O. A features of piling tests for high-rise buildings on the example of OKHTA tower. Vysotnye zdaniya. 2011. No. 6, pp. 96–99. (In Russian).
3. Katzenbach R., Schmitt A., Ramm H. Basic principles of design and monitoring of high-rise buildings in Frankfurt am main. Cases from practice. Rekonstruktsiya gorodov i geotekhnicheskoe stroitel’stvo. 2005. No. 9, pp. 80–99. (In Russian).
4. Shulyat’ev O.A. Foundations of high-rise buildings. Vestnik Permskogo natsional’nogo issledovatel’skogo politekh nicheskogo universiteta. 2014. No. 4, pp. 203–245. (In Russian).
5. Tarakanovskii V.K., Kapustyan N.K., Klimov A.N. Experience in monitoring of deformation processes in soils of high-rise buildings in Moscow. Geoekologiya, in zhenernaya geologiya, gidrogeologiya, geokriologiya. 2010. No. 6, pp. 555–566. (In Russian).
6. Osterberg J.O. The Osterberg load test method for bored and driven piles – The first ten years. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Piling and Deep Foundations. Vienna. Deep Foundation Institute. 1998, pp. 1.28.1–1.28.11.
7. Fel-lenius B.H., Altaee A., Kulesza R., Hayes J. O-cell testing and FE Analysis of 28m deep barrette in Manila, Philippines. Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering. American Society of Civil Engineering. 1999. Vol. 125. No. 7, pp. 566–575.
8. Hamza M., Ibrahim M.H. Base and shaft grouted large diameter pile and barrettes load tests. Proceedings Geotech – Year 2000, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering. Bangkok, Thailand, 2000. Vol. 2, pp. 219–228.
9. ASTM Standard D 5882 (2000): Standard Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing of Deep Foundations, ASTM International, West Conshohocken PA.
10. Kharitonov A.Yu. Experience of application In Russia of soil tests by piles by the wave theory of impact. In proceedings of the VIII scientific-practical conference “Inspection of buildings and structures: Problems and ways of their solution”. 2017 Moscow, pp. 201.
11. ASTM D 4945-00. Standart Test Method for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Piles.

The design of heat – insulated supports (pillows) from modified polyurethane used as the pipeline foundations is considered as relevant for the construction of oil and gas pipelines laid on permafrost soils. A comparative analysis of the currently used pipeline supports for underground laying, such as ground (sand) bedding, reinforced concrete blocks, damping padding of PCM (polymer composite material), is presented. The results of laboratory studies of pillows made of modified polyurethane for resistance to mechanical stress, including cyclic, are presented. The dependences of the load on the relative deformation of the FPU sample, the results of the test of polyurethane foam on the stabilization of mechanical characteristics, as well as the results of the study of the hysteresis of compression-release of samples are given. The estimation of physical and mechanical properties of FPU composition under the condition of low temperature of the casting mold and moisture ingress into the mold (at the time of pouring) is presented.

A.G. ALEKSEEV¹, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
D.V. BALASHOV², Engineer,
S.V. MODENOV³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.);
E.S. MIKHALDYKIN³, Engineer,
V.Ya. SHISHKIN³, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

¹ Research Institute of Bases and Underground Structures (NIIOSP) named after N.M. Gersevanov, Research Center of Construction (6, 2nd Institutskaya Street, Moscow, 109428, Russian Federation)
² OOO “Gebau” (11, bldg. 6, str.1, Promyshlenny prospect, Electrostal, Moscow Oblast, 144001, Russian Federation)
³ AO “Scientific Research Institute of Structural Materials on Graphite (AO “NIIgraphite”), SC Rosatom (2, Electrodnaya Street, Moscow, 111524, Russian Federation)

1. Ioffe B.V., Grabovets V.A., Grigoryan L.G., Bykov D.E. Innovative technologies for repair and construction of pipeline transport in the oil and gas industry. Neftegazovoe delo. 2012. No. 4, pp. 301–314. (In Russian).
2. Alexeyev A.G. The use of pile foundations in permafrost soils. Collection of reports. Arktika: nastoyashchee i budushchee [The Arctic: the present and the future]. Sain Peterburg, 2016, pp. 215–221.
3. Shishkin V.Ya., Konusevich V.I., Mikhaldykin E.S., Alekseev A.G., Zorin D.V. Pipe-concrete piles made of polymeric composite materials of structures on permafrost soils. Modern technologies of design and construction of foundations on permafrost soils. Collection of reports of the international scientific and technical conference. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnaya Assotsiatsiya Fundamentostroitelei, 2016, рр. 24–26.
4. Rukovodstvo po effektivnym sposobam ustroistva svainykh fundamentov na vechnomerzlykh gruntakh v neftegazovom stroitel’stve [A guide to effective ways of constructing pile foundations on permafrost soils in oil and gas construction]. Moscow: NIIOSP, 1980. 42 р.
5. Grebnev V.D., Martyushev D.A. Khizhnyak G.P. Stroitel’stvo neftegazopromyslovykh ob'ektov [Construction of oil and gas facilities]. Perm: PNIPU, 2012. 115 p.
6. Mikhaldykin E.S., Ovchinnikov I.G., Valiev Sh.N., Matveushkin S.A., Evdokimov A.A. Tests of beam and arched pipe-concrete structures with a shell of polymer composite materials. Modern problems of calculation of reinforced concrete structures, buildings and structures for emergency impacts. Moscow. 2016, pp. 271–277. (In Russian).
7. Shirokov VS On soil and transport loads on underground pipelines. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2018. No. 2, pp. 31–34. (In Russian).
8. Gruzin V.V., Gruzin A.V. Stability of pipelines the influence of the geometry of the foundations of the pipeline transport of hydrocarbons on the spatial distribution of compressive stresses in their soil bases. Delovoi zhurnal NEFTEGAZ.RU. 2017. No. 12, pp. 18–25. (In Russian).
9. Kuznetsov A.A., Grigorieva Yu. B. Methodological approach to the assessment of the reliability of the foundations and foundations of the objects of main pipelines. Nauka i tekhnologii truboprovodnogo transporta nefti i nefteproduktov. 2011. No. 2, pp. 40–43. (In Russian).
10. Khrustalev L.N., Konash V.E., Alekseev A.G., Bondarenko G.I., Bek-Bulatov A.I. Guide to the application of thermal insulation from polystyrene foamed extrusion foam boards PENOPLEX in the design and installation of foundations of buildings and supports of pipelines on podsypkah. Moscow. 2009. 32 р.
11. Khrustalev L.N., Konash V.E., Alekseev A.G., Bondarenko G.I., Bek-Bulatov A.I. STO 36554501-012–2008 «Primenenie teploizolyatsii iz plit polistirol’nykh PENOPLEKS pri proektirovanii i ustroistve malozaglublennykh fundamentov na puchinistykh gruntakh» [STO 36554501-012–2008 «Application of thermal insulation from plates of polystyrene ­PENOPLEX in the design and installation of shallow foundations on the soils of soils»]. Moscow: NITs «Stroitel’stvo». 2008. 17 р.
12. Alekseev AG, Konash VE, Khrustalev L.N. Application of the foundations of low-rise buildings on heat-insulated sandy podsypkah in the areas of permafrost permafrost. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2018. No. 2, pp. 36–40. (In Russian).
13. Patent RF 2653193. Sposob ustroistva svainogo fundamenta v mnogoletnemerzlom grunte [The way of the device of the pile foundation in perennial frozen soil]. Modenov S.V., Shishkin V.Ya., Alekseev A.G., Tumanov A.A., Mikhaldykin E.S., Balashov D.V. Declared 29.06.2017. Opubl. 7.05.2018. Bul. No. 13. (In Russian).

A study of properties of soils that makes up the foundations of buildings and structures is the most important design stage, determining further design decisions, and ultimately, the technical and economic indicators of the object under construction (permissible load on the base, structural concept of the building, terms and cost of construction, etc.). Either drilling of trial holes on construction site with core sampling, or examination of the ground base with a special cone which is pressed with a certain force into the soil are traditionally used. In the first case, due to the complexity of the core sampling, there is a significant reduction in the strength and deformation properties of the sample, and in the second case it is impossible to apply it due to the limitation of the crushing force on the face. A method of sounding the ground base directly in the process of drilling trial holes without core sampling is proposed. The method is based on measurement of pressure and oil consumption in the circuits of the hydraulic system. The advantages of this method are a high speed of drilling trial holes (up to several meters per minute); sounding of the ground base to almost any depth; the ability to perform work under confined conditions, as opposed to static sensing in this case, it is possible to use hydraulic drilling rigs of small size; high speed of results obtained.

A.G. MALININ, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

“Construction Company “InzhProektStroy” (34, off. 105, Komsomolsky Avenue, Perm, 614000, Russian Federation)

1. Тer-Martirosyan Z.G. Mekhanika gruntov [Mekhanik of soil]. Moscow: ASV. 2009. 550 p.
2. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G. Reologicheskie parametry gruntov i raschet osnovanii sooruzhenii [Rheological parameters of soil and calculation of the bases of constructions]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1990. 200 р.
3. Ukhov S.B. Mekhanika gruntov, osnovaniya i fundamenta [Mechanics of soil, basis and base]. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 2007. 561 p.
4. Ulitsky V.M., Shashkin A.G., Shashkin K.G. Geotekhni- cheskoe soprovozhdenie razvitiya gorodov [Geotechnical maintenance of development of the cities]. SPb: Stroyizdat Severo-Zapad. Georekonstruktion. 2010. 551 p.
5. Ilyichev V.A., Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Experience of development of underground space of policies Russian
mega. Osnovaniya, fundamenty i mekhanika gruntov. 2012. No. 2, рр. 17–20. (In Russian).
6. Chernyakov A.V. An assessment of durability of a gruntobeton in jet technology. Stroitel’nye Materialy [Construction Materials]. 2011. No. 10, рр. 37–39. (In Russian).
7. Malinin A.G. Struinaya tsementatsiya gruntov [Jet cemen- tation of soil]. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 2010. 226 р.
8. Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S., Konyushkov V.V., Osokin A.I. Proektirovanie i ustroistvo podzemnykh sooruzhenii v otkrytykh kotlovanakh [Designing and the device of underground constructions in open ditches]. Moscow: ASV. 2013. 256 p.
9. Rodionov V.N., Sizov I.A, Tsvetkov V.M. Fundamentals of geomechanics. Moscow: Nedra, 1986. 301 p. (In Russian).
10. Mangushev R.A., Nikiforova N.S. Technological rainfall of buildings and constructions in a zone of influence of underground construction. Moscow: ASV. 2017. 168 p.
11. Karol Reuben H. Chemical grouting and soil stabilization. American Society of Civil Engineers. 2003. 536 р.
12. Henn Raymond W. Practical guide to grouting of underground structures. American Society of Civil Engineers. 1996. 200 р.
13. Malinin P.A., Strunin P.V. Experience of construction of a deep ditch with use of technology of jet cementation of soil. Geotekhnika. 2013. No. 2, рp. 4–13. (In Russian).
14. Sokolov N.S., Ryabinov V.M. Features of installation and calculation of bored-injection piles with multiple enlargements. Geotechnica. 2016. No. 3, pp. 60–66. (In Russian).
15. Ter-Martirosyan Z.G., Ter-Martirosyan A.Z., Sobolev E.S. Analysis of data of geotechnical monitoring of the slabby bases of the big area. Geotekhnika. 2012. No. 4, рp. 28–34. (In Russian).
16. Zuev S.S., Makovetsky O.A. Evaluation of value of technological deformations when arranging soil-concrete elements. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 9, pp. 9–12. (In Russian).

The analytics of the choice of ways of sustainable development with the necessary increase in the volume and quality of housing construction, which has been argued by twenty-five years of experience, is presented. From the history of housing construction in our country, it is important to understand the features of the implementation of the house-building needs of the people, large and childless families. At present, the implementation of the national housing project for the next half of the twelve-year cycle is beginning. In the spring of 1993, experts of the World Bank, the world’s largest financial organization, began to prepare a housing project aimed at financing reforms in the field of market construction of the successor of the USSR – Russia. This experience is useful for the professional forecast of housing construction in the hierarchy of domestic cities. It is necessary to rethink and calculate in plans the prospects of housing for Russians for the next 6 years. For approving the systematic nature of construction of cities, where more than 60% of the buildings are homes, it is necessary to summarize the twenty-five year results of the capitalocratic revolution of the early 1990s in respect of housing construction in general.

S.V. NORENKOV, Doctor of Sciences (Philosophy) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
E.S. KRASHENINNIKOVA, Candidate of Sciences (Philosophy)

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (65, Ilinskaya Street, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russian Federation)

1. Gradostroitel’stvo v teni Stalina. Mir v poiskah socialisticheskogo goroda [Town planning in Stalin’s shadow. The world in search of the socialist city]. Sain Peterburg: Lyubavich, 2015. 415 p.
2. Barkova O.I., Gorodishcheva A.N. Post-industrial development of the territorial organization of Russia – synthesis of east and western tendencies. Papers of International scientific conference. Ulan-Ude: Buryat.gos. un-t. 2015, pp. 84–90. (In Russian).
3. Kvashnin D. Gorod na reke Ra [The city on the river Ra].N. Novgorod: Knigi, 2015. 212 p.
4. Krasheninnikova E.S., Norenkov S.V. Sinarhiya artefaktov tvorchestva: arhitektonika ansamblestroeniya [Sinarkhiya of creativity artifacts: ansamblestroyeniye very tectonics]. N. Novgorod: NNGASU, 2017. 296 p.
5. Gelfond A.L. The apartment dwelling in-level education of the architect (experience of NNGASU). Zhilishhnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2017. No. 10, pp. 14–19. (In Russian).
6. Zhilishchnaya sfera Nizhegorodskoj oblasti v 2000, 2005, 2009–2013 gg. [The housing sphere of the Nizhny Novgorod Region in 2000, 2005, 2009–2013]. N. Novgorod: Nizhegorodstat, 2014. 90 p.
7. Forester D. Dinamika razvitiya goroda [Dynamics of development of the city]. Moscow: Progress, 1974. 287 p.
8. Lynch K. Obraz goroda [Image of the city]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1982. 328 p.
9. Nizhnij Novgorod. Illyustrirovannyj katalog ob»ektov kul’turnogo naslediya (pamyatnikov istorii i kul’tury) federal’nogo znacheniya, raspolozhennyh na territorii Nizhnego Novgoroda [Nizhny Novgorod. The illustrated catalog of objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of federal importance located in the territory of Nizhny Novgorod]. Edition A.L. Gelfond. N. Novgorod, 2017. Book 1. 376 p.
10. Blagova M.V., Mochalova V.M. Social and architectural typology of the modern commercial dwelling In Russia. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2014. No. 2 (42), pp. 38–46. (In Russian).
11. Kommentarij k ZHilishchnomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii (postatejnyj) [The comment to the Housing code of the Russian Federation (itemized)]. Editor O.A. Gorodov. Moscow: Avenue, 2016. 640 p.
12. Aleksashina V.V., Kartashova. K.K. Problems of the municipal solid waste (MSW) in the megalopolis (on the example of Moscow). Ehkologiya urbanizirovannyh territorij. 2014. No. 4, pp. 59–67. (In Russian).
13. Proekt Rossiya. Bol’shaya Moskva [Russia project. Greater Moscow]. M.: Ob’edinennye proekty, 2013. 268 p.

The cluster analysis of regions of Russia by the group of 7 indicators characterizing the improvement of urban settlements, housing conditions and the state of the infrastructure of housing stock is carried out. For this purpose, the corresponding data of the Federal State Statistics Service for 79 regions for the period from 2005 to 2015 were used. Clustering of objects was carried out by the k-means method. The characteristic of the clusters obtained is given and regional features of the development of urban settlements are revealed. The results obtained make it possible to identify the groups of similar regional objects, to study their features and to develop measures for each group in the field of housing and communal services.

A.V. ZVIAGINTSEVA, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.A. SHVETSOVA, Specialist-Economist

Belgorod National Research University (85, Pobedy Street, 308015, Belgorod, Russian Federation)

1. Albeverio S. The dynamics of complex urban systems. An interdisciplinary approach. Berlin: Springer, 2007. 504 p.
2. Naldi G., Pareschi L., Toskani G. Mathematical modeling of collective behavior in socio-economic and life sciences. Berlin: Springer, 2010. 438 p.
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It is known that to determine the value of reduced resistance to heat transfer or thermal resistance of a non-uniform enclosing structure with a significant discreteness of the temperature field with the help of gradient heat meters is almost impossible. It is necessary to search for other approaches to this task. An analysis of different methods for defining reduced resistance of non-uniform enclosing structures to heat transfer is made and their shortcomings are noted. It is recommended to fix aluminum sheets to the surface of a fragment of the enclosing structure investigated in the climatic chamber. Numerical calculations using a program of calculation of three-dimensional temperature fields show how it is possible to practically convert a spatial temperature field on the fragment surface into a one-dimensional field by the selection of thickness of sheets that will improve the results of studies with the use of gradient heat meters.

N.D. DANILOV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
P.A. FEDOTOV, Engineer,
I.A. DOKTOROV, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering)

M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University (58, Belinskogo Street, Yakutsk, 677000, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

1. Bogoslovskiy V.N. Teplovoj rezhim zdaniya [Thermal conditions of the building]. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1979, pp. 284.
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13. Magai А.А., Stavrovskyi G.А. Application of hinged facade systems with ventilated air gap for facade finishing of large-panel residential buildings. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2011. No. 3, pp. 60–62. (In Russian).
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16. Patents RF 2480739. Sposob teplovogo nerazrushayush-chego kontrolya soprotivleniya teploperedache stroitel’noj konstrukcii [Method of thermal non-destructive testing of resistance to heat transfer of a building structure]. Pohodun А.I., Sokolov А.N., Sokolov N.А. Declared. 23.08.2011. Opubl. 27.04.2013. Bulletin No. 12. (In Russian).
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22. Danilov N.D., Doktorov I.A., Ambrosiev V.V., Fedotov P.A., Semenov А.А. Investigation of the thermal barrier properties of a wall fragment in a climatic chamber. Promyshlennoe I Grazhdanskoe Stroitel’stvo. 2013. No. 8, pp. 17–19. (In Russian).
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The negative ecological quality of the modern architectural environment under the conditions of active development of the sub-urbanization in most large and largest cities of the world, makes the modern architecture look for new optimization ways of its spatial organization. As early as 1933 in Athens at the Fourth Congress of the International Organization of Architects (CIAM) the Athens Charter, which formulated and analyzed the four main functions of the city – work, housing, recreation and movement, was developed. The optimization approach to the formation of a full-fledged recreational space for the population of modern suburbanistic settlements is associated with active landscape improvement of the space, and in the style of traditional architecture at that. In China, the solution of this important problem is connected not only with the need to take into account the local natural conditions of the country and modern socio-urbanistic innovations, but also the ethno-cultural national context, historically established and existing today in this territory and planning of the development of recreational and leisure environment.

XIA QING, Architect (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
I.S. RODIONOVSKAYA, Candidate of Architecture (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University) (26, Yaroslavskoye Highway, Moscow, 129337, Russian Federation)

1. Qing Xia, Rodionovskaya I.S. Organization of modern residential space in terms of eco-recreation in China. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 7, pp. 22–26. (In Russian).
2. Rodionovskaya I.S., Qing Xia. Ethnic specificity of landscape-recreation area in living environment of China. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2018. No. 6, pp. 49–55. (In Russian).
3. Krasilnikova E.E., Goncharik A.A. Topical issues of landscape and urban macro systems formation (by the example of the Moscow agglomeration). Sociologiya goroda. 2017. No. 2, pp. 53–61. (In Russian).
4. Tetior A.N. Ecositilogy-the science of ecological cities. Evrazijskij soyuz uchenyh. 2016. No. 1–2 (22), pp. 138–142. (In Russian).
5. Bauer N.V., Shabatura L.N. Culture and tradition in the landscape design of the urban environment. Cennosti i smysly. 2014. No. 2 (30), pp. 155–161. (In Russian).
6. Sidorenko M.V. Prospects of organization of urban green corridors in Minsk (Belarus). Aktual’nye problemy lesnogo kompleksa. 2015. No. 43, pp. 138–142. (In Russian).
7. Strakhova V.N. Ecological diagnostics of the state of green spaces and ecosystems of the city. Gradostroitel’stvo. 2014. No. 6 (34), pp. 53–69. (In Russian).
8. Tseluiko D.S. Space syntax in the traditional Chinese private garden. Vestnik Tihookeanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2017. No. 4 (47), pp. 151–158. (In Russian).
9. Polyakov E.N., Mikhailova L.V. History of formation, the main varieties of the traditional Chinese garden. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2016. No. 6 (59), pp. 9–25. (In Russian).
10. Polyakov E.N., Mikhailova L.V. Compositional features of the traditional Chinese garden. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2017. No. 2 (61), pp. 9–31. (In Russian).
11. Qian Yun.ed. Classical Chinese Gardens. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company Ltd., 1982.
12. Turner Tom. Asia Gardens: history, beliefs and design. Abingdon, New York: Routledge, 2010.
13. Keswick Maggie.The Chinese Garden. History, art and architecture. London: Frances Lincoln, 2003.
14. Shuvalov V.M. Features of formation and development of leisure facilities in China. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo otkrytogo universiteta. Seriya: Tekhnika i tekhnologiya. 2012. No. 3, pp. 71–77. (In Russian).
15. Grosheva T.I. Planning structure of landscape and recreational objects of different times and epochs and their role in human life historical review. Foreign experience. Arhitekturnye issledovaniya. 2017. No. 1 (9), pp. 80–87. (In Russian).
16. Bazilevich A. M. The Classification and typology of objects of landscape architecture. Tvorchestvo i sovremennost’. 2017. No. 3 (4), pp. 5–11. (In Russian).
17. Ptichnikova G.A., Koroleva O.V. Hybridization of architecture in the city. Sociologiya goroda. 2016. No. 1, pp. 5–17. (In Russian).
18. Enin A.E., Grosheva T.I. System approach to the reconstruction of landscape and recreational spaces. Stroitel’stvo i rekonstrukciya. 2017. No. 4 (72), pp. 101–109. (In Russian).
19. Kerina E.N., Kerina A.R. review of landscape architecture features of the people’s Republic of China. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii. 2014. No. 8, pp. 45–49. (In Russian).

Modern technologies contribute to the adaptation of water space as a potential human habitat. The purpose of the article is to identify the advantages and prospects of the construction of mobile mega-structures in the water environment. The leading approach to the study of this problem is based on the system analysis of the features of the leading modern technologies for the construction of artificial territories. The characteristic methods of organization of mobile and stationary mega-structures are considered on the example of realized and conceptual projects from the world practice. On the basis identified features, the advantages and prospects of construction of mobile floating mega-structures are distinguished in comparison with stationary ones in terms of environmental impact, economic costs and social aspects. The materials of the article can be useful for theoretical research and forecasting of the development of architecture in the context of alternative habitats, as well as for the practical implementation of floating architectural structures.

S.А. KIZILOVA, Architect (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Moscow Architectural Institute (State Academy) (11/4 Rozhdestvenka Street, 107031, Moscow, Russian Federation)

1. Saprykina N.A Futures Concept of the 20th Century as an Innovative Forecast. Architecture and Modern Information Technologies. 2015. No. 4 (33), pp. 1–16. (In Russian).
2. Saprykina N.A. Formirovaniye eko-ustoychivoy sredy obitaniya buduschego. Teoriya Praktika Perspektivy [Formation of an eco-sustainable living environment of the future: Theory Practice Perspectives]. Saarbrücken (Germany): Palmarium Academic Publishing. 2017. 232 p.
3. Olthuis K., Keuning D. Float! Building on Water to Combat Urban Congestion and Climate Change. Amsterdam: Frame Publishers. 2010. 304 p.
4. Ekonomov I.S. Modern Typology of Architectural Objects Situated on Water. Academia. Arkhitektura I stroitel’stvo. 2010. No. 4, pp. 47–52. (In Russian).
5. Silkina E.E., Ulitskaya N.Yu., Akimova M.S. Creation of artificial islands in Russia and abroad. StroyMnogo. 2017. No. 2 (7), pp. 1–7. (In Russian).
6. Kizilova S.A. Prerequisites for the Construction of Artificial Island Territories of the XXI Century. Architecture and Modern Informa-tion Technologies. 2018. No. 1 (42), pp. 187–200. (In Russian).
7. Jazairy E.H. Imaging Dubai’s Palm Islands. Topos: Landscape strategies. 2009. No. 66, pp. 46–51.
8. Semenov D.A., Kaloshina S.V. Innovative technology construction of artificial islands. PNRPU Bulletin. Construction and Architecture. 2016. No. 4 (7), pp. 80–92. (In Russian).
9. Adeyemi K. African water cities. Architectural Design. 2012. No. 82 (5), September/October. pp. 98–101. (In Russian).
10. Quirk J., Friedman P. Seasteading: How Floating Nations Will Restore the Environment, Enrich the Poor, Cure the Sick, and Liberate Humanity from Politicians. New York: Free Press. 2017. 366 p.
11. Troshina M. Big Dreamer. Proyekt International. 2016. No. 42, pp. 100–101.
12. Remizov A.N. Energy-autonomous bioclimatic building. Zhilischnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2011. No. 12. pp. 10–12. (In Russian).
13. Tokarev I.G. Development of architecturally-constructive types of floating bases. Arkhitekton: izvestiya vuzov. 2012. No. 38. http://archvuz.ru/node/1922 (Date of access 27.05.2018). (In Russian).
14. Ashraf K. K. Fluid space. The Architectural Review. 2017. No. 1442, pp. 8–14.
15. Hoogendoorn E. Seasteading Engineering Report Part 1: Assumptions & Methodology. The Seasteading Institute. 2018, pp. 1–46. http://seasteadingorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Feb2011_Report_p1.pdf (Date of access 27.05.2018).
16. Logan K. Noah’s Ark-itecture. Architectural record. 2017. No. 4, pp. 219–223.

Reflected sound can significantly reduce the effectiveness of noise protection measures in urban development. The existing methods for calculating the reflected sound are mainly based on the mirror image of the sound reflection and are realized by methods of tracing rays or constructing the system of imaginary noise sources. The methods are complex, time-consuming and do not have the required accuracy. In the article, it is proposed to use a diffuse model of sound reflection from enclosures with realization in the form of the integral equation of Kuttruff. On its basis, algorithms and computer programs to calculate the effect of reflected sound on the noise situation in the residential development have been developed. Results of the computer calculation of the noise regime of the residential development and the reduction in the efficiency of the noise screen with due regard for the effect of reflected sound are presented. The proposed technique for estimating the influence of reflected noise makes it possible to improve the reliability of design of noise protection in the residential development.

I.L. SHUBIN¹, Corresponding Member of RAABS, Doctor of Sciences (Engineering), Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
A.I. ANTONOV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.),
V.I. LEDENEV², Doctor of Sciences (Engineering) (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences (NIISF)(21, Locomotivny proezd, Moscow, 127238, Russian Federation)
² Tambov State Technical University (106, Sovetskaya Street, Tambov, 392620, Russian Federation)

1. Ivanov N.I., Kuklin D.A., Matveev P.V. Puti resheniya problemy shuma zheleznodorozhnogo transporta na territorii zhiloj zastrojki. Ecology and life safety of industrial transport complexes. Papers of the fifth international ecological congress. 2015, pp. 179–184.
2. Nikolov N.D., Shubin I.L. Eksperimental’noe issledovanie vklada otrazhennogo zvuka v zvukovye polya na territorii frontal’noj zastrojki. Privolzhskij nauchnyj zhurnal. 2009. No. 3, pp. 59–64. (In Russian).
3. Ovsyannikov S.N., Ovsyannikov M.S. Avtomatizirovannyj raschet i postroenie cifrovyx kart akusticheskogo zagryazneniya primagistral’nyx territorij gorodov. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arxitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. 2011. No. 3 (32), pp. 108–115. (In Russian).
4. Shubin I.L., Czukernikov I.E., Tixomirov L.A., Nikiforov A.V. Raschet avtodorozhnogo shuma zhilogo rajona Moskvy s ispol’zovaniem dvux programmnyx sredstv. Zhilishchnoe Stroitel’stvo [Housing Construction]. 2013. No. 6, pp. 2–5. (In Russian).
5. Lyubel`skij V.V. Analiz akusticheskogo rezhima gorodskix territorij s ispol’zovaniem komp’yuternogo modelirovaniya. Stroitel’naya fizika v XXI veke. Papers of scientific conference. Moscow: NIISF RAASN, 2006, pp. 353–355.
6. Kuttruff H. Nachhall und effektive Absorption in Räumen mit diffuser Wandreflexion. Acustica. 1976. Vol. 35. No. 3, pp. 141–153.
7. Shubin, I.L., Antonov A.I., Shelkovnikov D.Y., Sorokina I.L. Registration of the Sound Reflection While Evaluating the Efficiency of the Acoustic Screens. The Ninth International Congress on Sound and Vibration. University of Central Florida Orlando. Florida. USA. 8–11 July. 2002, pp. 82–83.
8. Shubin I.L., Shelkovnikov D.Yu. Otrazhennyj shum kak faktor, vliyayushhij v usloviyax gorodskoj zastrojki na akusticheskuyu effektivnost’ ekranirovaniya. Modern problems of construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures. Papers of scientific conference. Vologda. 2003, pp. 290–293.
9. Antonov A.I., Ledenev V.I., Solomatin E.O. Raschety urovnej pryamogo zvuka ot linejnyx istochnikov shuma, raspolagayushhixsya na promyshlennyx predpriyatiyax i v gorodskoj zastrojke. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudar-stvennogo arxitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta. Seriya: Stroitel’stvo i arxitektura. 2013. No. 31–1 (50), pp. 329–335. (In Russian).
10. Antonov A.I., Shelkovnikov D.Yu., Shubin I.L. Avtomatizaciya rascheta i proektirovaniya sredstv zashhity zastrojki ot transportnogo shuma. Architectural acoustics. Noises and vibrations: Sat. of the proceedings of the XI session of the Russian Acoustical Society. Moscow: NIISF RAASN, 2000. Vol. 4, pp. 51–54.

The basic scheme for calculating the bases of large-sized foundations is, at present, a scheme of a linearly deformed layer of finite thickness. Calculations of the settlements, carried out according to the formula based on this scheme, still fully satisfied the practice of construction. A large operational experience and the results of long-term observations for the settlements of the foundations show that the actual settlements of the foundations much larger than the calculated values determined by the settlement calculation formula based on the theory of this model. The material of the actual settlements of the constructed objects on large-sized foundations under increased loads shows that the settlement curves consist of linear and non-linear sections. The linear section has a place for medium-compressible soils for the first half of the calculated average pressure P_IImt, i. e. at P_IImt≤ 250–300 kPa. When P_IImt is more than these values, the settlement speed begins to increase in the process of increasing the load to its full calculation value. Then the settlement speed decreases and the stabilization phase begins. The linear section of the settlement graph characterizes the process of soil compaction. The increase in settlement speeds in a nonlinear section should be explained by the increase in the role of horizontal displacements in the general deformation of the base. The fact that horizontal displacements play a significant role in the overall settlement of the structure is confirmed by numerous studies of the bases under reservoirs and embankments, and in small-scale experiments. The account of horizontal displacement makes it possible to bring the actual settlements maximally to the calculated ones.

N.S. SOKOLOV^1,2, Candidate of Sciences (Engineering), Associate Professor, Director (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

¹ OOO NPF «FORST» (109a, Kalinina Street, Cheboksary, 428000, Russian Federation)
² Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov (15, Moskovsky Avenue, Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, 428015, Russian Federation)

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